탄자니아의 토지 횡령 원인 분석
Analyzing the Causes of Land Grabbing in Tanzania
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2000년대 들어오면서 전 세계는 식량과 에너지 그리고 금융 위기에 직면한다. 이를 기점으로 북반부 국가의 기업과 투자자가 식량 작물, 바이오 연료 작물, 광물 등을 재배 및 생산하기 위해 아프리카에 진출하여 대규모 토지를 임대하는 토지거래 수가 급증했고, 그 과정에서 토착민이 강제 이주하는 토지 횡령 문제가 이슈화되었다. 이에 따라 아프리카에서 발생하는 토지 횡령에서 외부 투자자와 기업이 토지 횡령자로 지목되었다. 하지만 아프리카 내 토지 횡령 사례를 분석하면 정부의 농업 계획, 족장의 부패 등 내부적 토지 횡령 요인을 찾아볼 수 있다. 이러한 이유에서 본 연구는 아프리카에서 토지 횡령이 빈번한 것은 토지 횡령이 합법화되는 법적 환경이 조성되어 있다고 주장한다. 이를 증명하기 위해 본 연구는 탄자니아 사례를 중심으로 식민 시대부터 현재까지 제정 및 개정된 토지법을 분석하여 탄자니아 일반인의 토지권 보호 수준 변화를 도출한다. 본 연구 분석 결과, 탄자니아에서 토착민이 토지 횡령의 피해자로 전락하는 주요 요소는 크게 두 가지로 나뉜다. 첫째, 영국 식민 시대부터 공식화된 이중 토지 토지권 체계에서 관습 토지권이 법적 토지권보다 약하다는 것이다. 둘째, 영국이 제정한 토지법에서 주지사가 공동 이익을 위해 토지를 관리할 권한이 있다는 조항 등 정부가 토착민의 토지를 다른 유형의 토지로 전환하고 그들을 쫓아낼 수 있는 요소가 독립 후 제정된 탄자니아의 토지법에 그대로 계승되었다는 점이다. 그리고 이러한 요소가 존속하는 이유는 식민 시대부터 현재까지 탄자니아의 토지법이 농업발전 혹은 경제 성장 등의 국가 발전을 중심으로 제정되었기 때문이다. 본 연구는 탄자니아가 토지 횡령이 합법화되는 환경을 제거하기 위해서 국가 발전 측면을 토지법 구성에서 최대한 배제하고, 일반 탄자니아인의 관습 토지 점유권 강화에 초점을 맞춰 토지법이 개정되어야 한다고 주장한다. 이는 일반 탄자니아인이 ‘탈취에 의한 축적’의 위험에서 벗어나 그들이 더욱 생산적인 활동을 할 수 있게 이끌어 전반적인 탄자니아의 발전에 기여할 것이다.
Abstract
Due to the global crisis since the 2000s, foreign investors and multinational corporations have increasingly acquired African land to grown food and biofuel crops, often resulting in the displacement of African people. Thus, foreign investors and multinational corporations are often seen as land grabbers in Africa. However, it is also possible to see African governments and chiefs acting as land grabbers in Africa. Hence, by using Tanzania as a case study, this research aims to show that the main cause of land grabbing in Africa is due to the existence of the legal environment that legalizes land grabbing in the continent. Accordingly, this study examines land law from colonial times to the present and analyzes changes in customary land rights of ordinary Tanzanians throughout history. The results of this study suggest that there are two main factors that make ordinary Tanzanians vulnerable to land grabbing. First, under the dual land tenure system, customary land rights is weaker than statutory land rights. Second, Tanzania’s land laws, enacted during the British rule and after Tanzania’s independence, allow the government to convert indigenous people’s land to other types easily. And the reason why these elements persist is that Tanzania’s land laws from the colonial era to the present are closely connected to promoting national development rather than securing indigenous people's land rights. Therefore, this study argues that aspects of national development should be kept out of law as much as possible in Tanzania in order to stop the legalization of land grabbing and focus on strengthening the customary land rights of ordinary Tanzanians. It will free ordinary Tanzanians from the risk of ‘accumulation by dispossession’ and lead them to engage in more productive activities, contributing to the overall development of Tanzania.
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