말라위의 개인 관습 토지권 강화의 실효성에 대한 고찰
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Strengthening Individual Customary Land Rights in Malawi
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아프리카인의 약 90%는 관습 토지 보유권 체계가 적용되는 관습 토지에 살고 있다. 관습 토지 보유권 체계 아래 토지는 주로 가족, 지역 사회의 공동 소유물로 간주 된다. 그리고 관습 토지 보유권 체계에서 토지를 소유한다는 것은 절대적 소유권이 아닌 사용권을 가진다는 것을 뜻한다. 이러한 관습 토지 보유권 체계는 다수의 아프리카 국가가 독립 후 토지 등기 취득을 통한 개인 토지권 강화에 집중하면서 변화하고 있다. 하지만 개인 토지권 강화는 토지를 공동의 소유물로 바라보는 관습과 상충한다. 이런 이유에서 본 연구는 말라위의 토지법 변화 사례를 중심으로 개인 토지권 강화 진행 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 문제점과 이에 대한 원인을 분석한다. 본 연구 분석 결과, 개인 토지권 강화는 토지 등기 등록 절차 및 취득 후 발생하는 다양한 비용 때문에 일반 말라위 농민에게 적용되기 어렵다. 이는 개인 토지권 강화가 말라위 정치인, 기업인, 외부 투자자 등 부유층에게 적용되는 것으로 전반적인 토지권 불평등으로 이어질 수 있다. 또한, 말라위의 모계 전통사회와 부계 전통사회에서 남녀가 평등하게 공동명의로 토지 등기를 취득하는 것은 이들의 관습과 상충해서 취득 절차 단계에서부터 심각한 마찰과 문제로 이어질 것이다. 이러한 문제가 발생하는 원인은 말라위의 토지법이 식민지 시대부터 현재까지 말라위인의 토지권보다 대규모 상업 농업 강화를 통한 국가 성장에 더욱 초점을 맞춰 제정되었기 때문이다. 그리고 말라위 토지법이 농업 발전이라는 목표에 장기간 집중하여 제정되었기 때문에 개인 토지권 강화로 발생할 수 있는 관습법과 주법 사이의 문화적 충돌이나 일반 말라위인 토지권 강화의 현실성이 고려되지 않았다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 말라위 정부는 향후 토지법 개정 및 제정 시 농업 발전과 토지권이라는 두 가지 항목을 최대한 분리해야 한다. 그리고 말라위 정부는 ‘관습적’ 시각에 조금 더 중점을 두고 관습 토지권 보호와 개인 토지권 강화라는 두 가지 항목의 연계성을 찾아야 한다. 이러한 과정을 거친 후 말라위 토지권에 대한 정의가 재정립된다면 말라위 정부가 농업 발전 및 경제 발전에 있어 더욱 견고한 방법을 만드는 데 일조할 것이다.
Abstract
Since independence, many African countries have focused on strengthening individual land rights based on land registration. However, strengthening individual land rights conflicts with the custom of viewing land as a communal property under customary land tenure system in Africa. Hence, by focusing on the Malawi case with the land acts, this study analyzes problems that may arise in the process of individual land rights registration and whether the registration of individual land rights can lead to consolidating Malawian farmers’ land rights living on customary land. This paper finds that registration of Malawian farmers’ individual land rights is not feasible because land registration is too expensive for them. Further, equal registration of land rights between men and women would lead to conflict in both matrilineal and patrilineal societies in Malawi because it goes against their custom. This study argues that such problems arise because Malawi’s land acts are more closely linked the national growth through intensification of large-scale commercial agriculture than Malawians’ land right since the colonial period until the present day. To address these issues, the Malawi government must separate the agricultural development aspect from the land rights aspect when amending or enacting new land acts in the future. In addition, the government should approach the amendment and enactment of land acts from a more ‘customary’ perspective, and find the link between the protection of customary land rights and the strengthening of individual land rights. This will redefine ‘land rights’ of Malawi and contribute to paving a robust path to achieving agricultural and economic development in the country.
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