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아프리카 목축 사회의 자원 접근성 감소 원인 분석: 마사이족 사례를 중심으로

Analysis of the Root Cause of the African Pastoral Societies’ Declining Resource Accessibility: A Case Study of the Maasai Society

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한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2023.12|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제70권 |pp. 3-38

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키워드

Kenya케냐pastoral society목축 사회마사이족집단 목장공동체 토지Maasaigroup ranchcommunity land
주제분류학제간연구

초록

목축 사회는 아프리카 국가 경제발전에 중요한 부분을 차지한다. 하지만 그들의 토지 및 자원 접근성은 자연 보전 계획, 농업 계획, 도로 및 기타 기반 시설 건설 계획, 기후변화 등 때문에 감소하고 있다. 위와 같은 자원 접근성 감소 원인은 목축 사회가 사용하는 토지 면적이나 자원량 감소와 연결된다. 하지만 본 연구는 목축 사회의 토지 및 자원 접근성 감소를 논할 때, 그들의 ‘이동성’과 ‘유연성’ 감소 원인을 분석해야 한다고 주장한다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 케냐의 마사이족 사례를 중심으로 아프리카 목축 사회의 이동성과 유연성을 감소하는 원인을 분석한다. 본 연구 결과, 마사이족의 이동성과 유연성을 감소한 주요 원인은 식민 시대부터 최근까지 케냐 사회에 적용된 개인 토지권 강화 정책이다. 특히, 식민 시대 영향을 받아 독립 후 케냐에서 강행된 집단 목장 구축 계획은 마사이족의 이동성을 파괴했다. 이 계획은 목축 지역의 개인 목장화를 위한 중간 단계였고, 목축 지역의 가축 질 향상과 토지 황폐화 감소를 위해 추진되었다. 해당 계획은 목표 달성을 위해 목축 사회가 사용하던 토지를 집단 목장으로 분리했고, 그들의 이동성을 규제했다. 하지만 마사이족의 이동성 규제는 가축 생산성 하락과 더욱 심각한 황폐화로 이어졌다. 케냐 정부는 토지 구획화가 목축 사회의 생산성 악화와 토지 황폐화로 이어졌다는 것을 상기해야 한다. 본 연구는 목축 사회의 이동 경로 권리 등록, 주요 자원에 대한 시기적 접근성 할당제 도입, 그리고 목축 공동체 사이의 토지 통합을 허락하는 것이 목축 사회의 이동성과 유연성을 보호하고 그들의 자원 접근성 감소 문제를 해결할 수 있다고 주장한다.

Abstract

Although pastoral societies play an important role in African economies, their access to land and resources is deteriorating due to nature conservation policies, agricultural schemes, and climate change. In discussing the matter of their deteriorating land and resource accessibility, however, this research argues that one should analyze the factors that lead to decline in their ‘mobility’ and ‘flexibility’. Hence, this research aims to find the root cause that leads to a decline in pastoralist’s mobility and flexibility, focusing on the Maasai case. The research finds that the root cause that led to a decline in Maasai’s mobility and flexibility is the policy of strengthening individual land rights applied in Kenya since the colonial era. In particular, the group ranch program implemented after Kenya’s independence deteriorated the mobility of Maasai society. The aim of the program was to improve livestock quality and reduce land degradation in pastoral areas. To achieve its goals, the program divided the pastoral land into group ranches and controlled their mobility. However, restrictions on Maasai mobility have led to reduced livestock productivity and further land degradation. The Kenyan government must now acknowledge that land subdivision is the root cause of low productivity and land degradation in pastoral areas. This study recommends that registering pastoralist migration routes, introducing a season-based quota system for access to key resources, and allowing neighboring communities to merge their lands can enhance the mobility and flexibility of pastoralist communities.

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