일제시기 사회사업 전개와 대구 사례

Abstract

This research reviewed the case of Daegu region on the division of period into relief business during 1910s, poverty-relief(防貧的) social work during 1920s, poverty-relief(窮民) business during the early 1930s and change to quasi-state of war system, compulsory mobilization of labor during the wartime and public welfare, mainly with the policy on poverty and social risk of public labor by the Japanese colonial government general. Social works during 1910s progressed charity·relief work mainly with relief-requiring people(要救護者), lacking labor ability, and the social work of Daegu region also was the relief business targeting relief-requiring groups which were facing livelihood threat or lacking labor ability. This seems to be exactly the same as the traditional relief business. Japanese public relief policy during this period was also based on 「Poverty relief rule(恤救規則)」, however this partly recognized governmental relief policy. During 1920s, as the concept of social welfare was formed since ‘rice disturbance’ in Japan, and ‘poverty-relief’ social work was also implemented in Joseon. This can be said adoption as the response to economic fall of lower-middle class along with after-war crisis since the First World War. In Daegu, also, social welfare services such as relevant job introduction, Gongseoljilok(公設質屋), Gongseol laundry field, etc. were introduced. However, differently from Japan, Factory law and public health insurance law were not adopted in Joseon, which was close to a mere policy out of insufficient social facility and underdevelopment of market. Poverty-relief social work was not able to respond to the problem of poverty, which rapidly increased due to the influence of global economic crisis that was spread since the late 1920s, accordingly, a poverty-relief work was adopted in the name of poverty-relief during the early 1930s. In Daegu, also, civil engineering business was progressed in the extension of city reorganization business during 1910s~20s. However, this was basically based on the condition of underdevelopment of industry, which was not the actual relief due to low pay problem and contractors’ trick, etc. On the other hand, in 1930s, Japanese all-out war began since the Manchurian incident, and around 1935, the colony Japan also was reorganized as quasi-state of war, accordingly, mobilization of southern region labor stood out as a major task for industrialization and development of northwest Joseon, also in Daegu, labor was moved mainly with employment agency. Also, relief committee was spread on the whole nation for the reinforcement of management over the poor, Daegu, also, introduced relief committee in 1936. During the wartime, social work changed to compulsory mobilization of labor and welfare work under the national goal, war victory, subordinated to the idea of general mobilization system. Compulsory mobilization of labor and labor exploitation under severe labor condition were contrary to the original concept of social business on the whole, which can be comprehended as the view of breakdown of social business. In Daegu, also, it changed to compulsory mobilization of labor and welfare business concept along with establishment of general mobilization system.