19세기 畿湖學界의 學說分化와 論爭

Abstract

This paper is about how Gi-Ho(畿湖) schools' Confucianism branched out and developed their arguments in the 19th century when Catholic and capitalism spread in Chosun. Ju-Ri Philosophy(主理說) of two Confucian scholars, Lee Hang Ro(李恒老) and Gi Jung Jin(奇正鎭), was formed around the Gi Hae persecution(己亥迫害) that was intended to prevent the spread of Catholic. Following Song Si Yeol(宋時烈)'s idea of respecting Sinic civilization and excluding barbarians, Lee and Gi supported the policy of the expulsion of wickedness[斥邪] and established Bright Human Nature‘s Ju-Li(明德主理說) and Li-Yil-Li-Bun-Soo(理一理分殊). They assumed Li(理) is active because, if Li is nonactive, Li cannot match against the Western's God[天主」. Later in 1866, Lee and Gi presented Byung-In-So(丙寅疏) in which they insisted the boycott against the Western culture, and in 1870, the students of the two schools started to interact with each other. Also, resulting from the moves of scholars, such as Choi Ik Hyun(崔益鉉)‘s exile to Je-ju Island in 1874 and Min Ki Sik(閔機植)'s move to Je-Cheon, Gi Jung Jin's theory was delivered to Lee Hang Ro's school. These two schools insisted that Lee's and Gi's ideas were consistent. Holding their common philosophy, Ju-ri, they attempted to raise the righteous army movement during the stormy times of late Chosun and lead their academic moves. However, at the end of Chosun, there were heated arguments surrounding Gi Jeong Jin's theory among Gi-Ho scholars. Song Byeong Sun's School considered that Gi's 「Oi-Phil (猥筆)」 criticised Lee Yi(李珥) without a comprehensive understanding of Li and Gi. Especially, Song thought that Choi Ik Hyeon, within his Shin-Do-Bi-Myung (神道碑銘 - a kind of epitaph), tried to prove that the tradition of Chosun New Confucianism was inherited by Lee Hang-ro and Gi Jeong Jin, instead of Lee Yi, Song Si Yeol. In addition, in regard to 'the exclusion of the vicious and manifestation of principle[斥邪明理]', which was maintained by Choi, Song interpreted the vicious [邪] as Gi(氣), and believed that Choi criticized the Ki-ho pupils who sought the theory of Lee Yi ,On the other hand, around 1902, the controversy over Gi Jeong Jin's theory started between Jeon Woo(田愚) and Song Byeong Sun. Assuming Li was nonactive, they insisted that Gi Jung Jin's theory was wrong. Concerning Lee Yi's theory that Gi(機) spontaneously moves but is not controlled by others [機自爾, 非有使之]', Song Byeong Soon thought that Li and Gi are combined, while Jeon Woo believed that it is the operation of Gi. In conclusion, the division and the controversies were provoked by Gi-Ho Academy in the 19th century. Lee Hang Ro and Gi Jung Jin asserted that Li is absolutely superior to Gi trying to match against the Western's God by approving more influence to Li. However, Jeon Woo and Song Byeong Sun stuck to the point of view that Li is nonactive.