냉전초 동남아시아 밀무역 구조와 화상(華商)의 역할- 아편, 공산품, 천연자원의 밀무역을 중심으로 -
Structure of Smuggling in Southeast Asia and Role of Overseas Chinese Merchants during the Early Cold War: Focus On Opium, Manufacturing Products, Natural Resources
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초록
1950년대 동남아시아는 초지역적 식민지배를 공고히 하던 제국의 해체와 국민국가라는 새로운 형태의 공동체가 형성되는 과정이 공존하는 과도기의 시기였다. 본 연구는 ‘밀무역’을 매개로 이념과 국가의 경계를 넘어선 물류 이동의 구조를 분석하고, 그 속에서 활발히 이익을 획득한 화상들의 역할에 대해 살펴본다. 특히 아편, 전기․전자제품, 천연자원(고무, 석유) 등 다양한 물품을 역내뿐 아니라 동북아시아와 소련 등으로 밀수출하고 있던 이들의 활동을 당시의 시대적 맥락 아래 추적한다. 화상들은 방콕, 사이공, 싱가포르를 중심으로 형성되어 있던 역내외 아편 유통에서 주요 흐름을 장악하고 있었다. 다른 한편 아편의 주요 수입처였던 중국이 공산화되면서 동남아시아에서 중국과 소련으로 향하는 밀수품은 미국과 영국의 견제 아래 경제 근대화를 위한 천연자원, 공산품 등으로 비중이 전환되는 모습을 보인다. 이 전환의 과정에도 싱가포르에 거점을 둔 화상들이 중요한 역할을 하였다. 화상들의 활동은 냉전초라는 혼란의 공간이기 때문에 가능했고, 그들이 누구나 탐낼만한 독보적인 초국적 네트워크 영역을 확립해 놓고 있었기 때문이기도 하다.
Abstract
Southeast Asia in the 1950s was in the process of transitioning from Empire with trans-regional colonial territories to nation state with exclusive borders. During this transition period, various types of Southeast Asians began to struggle for survival or interests. This paper focuses the involvement of the overseas Chinese merchant groups in the illicit trade, one of the survival strategies for Southeast Asians. In particular, their smuggling that exported opium, electronic products, and natural resources(rubber and petroleum) would be investigated in the context of the early Cold War. The scattered document evidences on overseas Chinese smuggling collected by CIA reports at the time are the most important primary sources for this article. According to CIA sources, overseas Chinese merchants controlled the extensive and large circulation of opium in the Indochina Peninsula's Bangkok and Saigon-centered markets, as well as the Singapore-centered international market in maritime Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, with the rise of the PRC (People's Republic of China), the main source of smuggling from Southeast Asia to China (and even further to the Soviet Union) shifted from opium to manufactured goods and natural resources for economic development within a competitive framework with the US. Overseas Chinese merchants also played a role in this illegal trade around the South China Sea. For hundreds of years, the overseas Chinese have been a significant component of Southeast Asia's urban and rural areas, as well as agricultural, economic, and industrial sectors. Overseas Chinese merchants led economic and industrial development in Southeast Asia's rural areas, as well as international trade around the South China Sea. As a diaspora group, they found themselves at the historical moment of transition from empires and nation states during the early Cold War. Ironically, the disintegration of empires in Southeast Asia provided overseas Chinese merchants with an opportunity to control illicit trade channels throughout the 1950s and 1960s transition period. It was possible because they had constructed their own exclusive network transcending national and regional boundaries.
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