아편, 주석, 고무: 페낭 화인사회의 형성과 전개, 1786-1941
Opium, Tin, and Rubber: The Formation of Chinese Society in Penang, 1786-1941
0
조회
0
다운로드
6
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper examines the formation and evolution of Chinese society in Penang over 155 years. Since it was ruled by the British in 1786, many immigrants gathered in Penang. Among them, much of the population was Chinese. It could be offered to clarify the historical process of the development of Chinese society in Penang by paying attention to the three items - opium, tin, and rubber. All the conflict and friction over these products were main causes of prosperity and decay for the Chinese society in Penang. In the early 19th century, the Chinese colossus could get their capital accumulation by taking advantage of ‘opium farm’. They amassed their fortune through development of tin mines newly discovered in Perak during the late 19th century. It was the age of Chinese Colossuses deeply connected with Chinese secret societies. After the rubber plantations were developed by the Western capital in the early 20th century, the age of Chinese Colossuses was gradually fallen down. From this point of view one can be provided a new perspective on the history of Penang and the Chinese society of its own. The three scopes for history enable us to make a new interpretation about the issue of stratification within Chinese society in Penang. Especially this research focused on the economic characteristics of Chinese secret societies as ‘social capital’, and on the identity conflicts between traditional Strait Chinese(peranakan) elite and emerging sinkeh Chinese merchants. The identity problem between ‘Laokeh’ and ‘Sinkeh’ in the early 20th century was intentionally exaggerated by modern researchers. Their conflicts seems to be caused by different economic interests rather than identity. We need to consider again the rise and fall of Chinese society in Penang with flexible thinking.
Abstract
This paper examines the formation and evolution of Chinese society in Penang over 155 years. Since it was ruled by the British in 1786, many immigrants gathered in Penang. Among them, much of the population was Chinese. It could be offered to clarify the historical process of the development of Chinese society in Penang by paying attention to the three items - opium, tin, and rubber. All the conflict and friction over these products were main causes of prosperity and decay for the Chinese society in Penang. In the early 19th century, the Chinese colossus could get their capital accumulation by taking advantage of ‘opium farm’. They amassed their fortune through development of tin mines newly discovered in Perak during the late 19th century. It was the age of Chinese Colossuses deeply connected with Chinese secret societies. After the rubber plantations were developed by the Western capital in the early 20th century, the age of Chinese Colossuses was gradually fallen down. From this point of view one can be provided a new perspective on the history of Penang and the Chinese society of its own. The three scopes for history enable us to make a new interpretation about the issue of stratification within Chinese society in Penang. Especially this research focused on the economic characteristics of Chinese secret societies as ‘social capital’, and on the identity conflicts between traditional Strait Chinese(peranakan) elite and emerging sinkeh Chinese merchants. The identity problem between ‘Laokeh’ and ‘Sinkeh’ in the early 20th century was intentionally exaggerated by modern researchers. Their conflicts seems to be caused by different economic interests rather than identity. We need to consider again the rise and fall of Chinese society in Penang with flexible thinking.
참고문헌 (30)
- 신윤환, "인도네시아의 화인: 경제적 지배와 정치적 배제 사이에서, In 동남아의 화인사회", pp.424~474 (2000), 전통과 현대
- 에릭 홉스봄, "극단의 시대: 20세기 역사. 상권" (1997), 까치
- 오명석, "말레이시아 화인사회: 다종족국가 내에서의 공존과 갈등, In 동남아의 화인사회", pp.186~312 (2000), 전통과 현대
- 피에르 부르디외, "자본의 형태, In 사회자본:이론과 쟁점", pp.61~88 (2006), 도서출판 그린
- 李恒俊, "南華醫院與檳城華人社會：1883年-1941年", 客家研究·檳城華人 학술보고회 (2009)
- Butcher, John G., "The Demise of the Revenue Farm System in the Federated Malay States", Modern Asian Studies, 17(3), pp.387~412 (1983)
- Chuleeporn, Virunha, "From Regional Entrepot to Malayan Port: Penang’s Trade and Communities, 1890-1940, In Penang and Its Region", pp.103~130 (2009), National University of Singapore
- Hirschman, Charles, "The making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology", Sociological Forum, 1(2), pp.330~361 (1986)
- King, Philip, "Penang to Songkhla, Penang to Patani: Two Roads, Past and Present, In Penang and Its Region", pp.131~150 (2009), National University of Singapore
- Kawamura, Tomataka, "Maritime Trade and Economic Development of Penang, c.1786-1830", Penang & The Indian Ocean: An International Conference Proceedings (2011)
- Khoo Kay Kim, "Tanjong, Hilir Perak, Larut and Kinta: The Penang-Perak Nuxus in History, In Penang and Its Region", pp.54~82 (2009), National University of Singapore
- Loh Wei Leng, "Penang’s Trade and Shipping in the Imperial Age, In Penang and Its Region", pp.83~102 (2009), National University of Singapore
- Lubis, Abdul-Razzaq, "Perceptions of Penang: Views from across the Straits, In Penang and Its Region", pp.150~179 (2009), National University of Singapore
- Mak Lau Fong, "The Social Alignment Patterns of the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Penang", Modern Asian Studies, 23(2), pp.259~276 (1989)
- Penrose Jr., R.A.F., "The Tin Deposits of the Malay Peninsula with Special Reference to Those of the Kinta District", The Journal of Geology, 11(2), pp.135~154 (1903)
- Purcell, Victor, "The Memoirs of a Malayan Official" (1965), Cassell
- Purcell, Victor, "The Chinese in Malaya" (1967), Oxford University Press
- Skinner, William, "Chinese Society in Thailand: an Analytical History" (1957), Cornell University Press
- Tong Chee Kiong, "Guanxi Bases, Xinyong and Chinese Business Networks", The British Journal of Sociology, 49(1), pp.75~96 (1998)
- Trocki, Carl A., "Koh Seang Tat and the Asian Opium Farming Business, In Penang and Its Region", pp.213~223 (2009), National University of Singapore
- Turnbull, C.M., "A History of Singapore 1819-1988" (1989), Oxford University Press
- Turnbull, C.M., "Penang’s Changing Role in the Straits Settlements, 1826-1946, In Penang and Its Region", pp.30~53 (2009), National University of Singapore
- Wilson, Major-General, "The Chinese Secret Triad Society of the Tien-ti-huih", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 6(1), pp.120~158 (1841)
- Wang Ling-chi, "The Chinese Diaspora, Selected Essay. Vol. I" (2003), Eastern University Press
- Wong Yee Tuan, "The Big Five Hokkien Families in Penang, 1830s-1890s", Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, 1, pp.106~115 (2007)
- Wong Yee Tuan, "Penang’s Chinese Merchants and Indian Ocean in the Entrepot Age, 1920s-1890s", Penang & The Indian Ocean: An International Conference Proceedings (2011)
- Wong Yee Tuan, "The evolution of Penang’s Chinese associations", Penang Monthly (May 30), ~ (2012)
- Yen Ching-Hwang, "Class Structure and Social Mobility in the Chinese Community in Singapore and Malaya 1800-1911", Modern Asian Studies, 21(3), pp.417~445 (1987)
- Yen Ching-Hwang, "The Chinese in Southeast Asia and Beyond Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions" (2008), World Scientific
- Yow Cheun Hoe, "Weakening Ties with the Ancestral Homeland in China: The Case Studies of Contemporary Singapore and Malaysian Chinese", Modern Asian Studies, 39(3), pp.559~597 (2005)