바람직한 모성: 20세기 초중반 미국 소아과학(Pediatrics)을 중심으로
Ideal Mothers: Pediatrics and the Concept of Motherhood
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이 글은 20세기 초 미국의 소아과학이 정신의학적 관점을 수용하는 과정에서 규정된 바람직한 어머니의 역할에 대한 논의를 다룬다. 이를 통해 20 세기 중반부터 미국 사회의 특징으로 자리매김한 정신건강과 정신보건에관련한 담론이 언제부터 어떻게 시작되었는지 실마리를 추적한다. 19세기중반 미국의사협회(American Medical Association)의 조직으로 시작된 의학 분과의 전문화와 세분화 과정은 19세기 말에 이르러 가시화되기 시작하였다. 특히 19세기 말부터 20세기 초반의 사회 개혁적 사고방식은 아동기에대한 시각의 변화와 맞물려 독립된 분과로서의 소아과학(pediatrics)의 탄생으로 귀결되었다. 미국 역사상 가장 유명한 소아과 의사인 벤저민 스팍(Benjamin Spock)은 정신분석학적 지식을 기반으로 한 육아서를 출간하여대중적 인기를 끌었다. 하지만 태생적으로 사회문제를 기반으로 탄생한 의학 분과 중 하나로서 사회적 변화에 기민하게 대처할 수밖에 없는 본질적인특성을 보인 소아과학은 1920년대부터 정신의학과 심리학적 관점에 관심을기울이기 시작한다. 이로 인해 아동 환자를 치료하는 것을 넘어 아동의 신체적, 정신적 발달, 그리고 이로 인해 양육을 담당하는 어머니의 바람직한 역할 규정을 통해 자신들의 영역을 확장하였다. 이에 이 글에서는 이러한과정을 고찰하여 바람직한 모성이 의학의 영역에서 어떻게 규정되고 발달하였는지를 살펴본다.
Abstract
This paper examines how pediatrics from the 1920s embarked to define and develop their own concept of “ideal” motherhood and the role of mother while establishing their own specialty as a medical discipline. To fathom the process, it deals with the professional journal articles of pediatricians during the time. Through this examination, it seeks for capturing the concept of ideal motherhood and mother’s role defined by pediatrics. Pediatrics, a new medical specialty established in the 1880s, emerged as a social-problem based discipline among medical specialties. Due to the convergence between the social reform movement and the professionalization of medicine from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, pediatrics inevitably embraced the normative treatment of the healthy other than the ill including the growth and development of children. With this expansion, professionals in pediatrics began involving in speculating and defining the concept of ideal motherhood as a sole nurturer of children.
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