“대표 없이 과세 없다”를 넘어 ―제국 경제에 관한 논쟁, 1763-1783―
Beyond “No Taxation without Representation” ―British Debate on the Imperial Economy, 1763-1783―
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이 논문은 미국 혁명기 영국에서 벌어진 제국 경제에 관한 논쟁을 상인의 시각을 중심으로 검토한다. 영국의 상인들이 썼던 것으로 확인할 수 있는 70여 편의 팸플릿들과 그 같은 문제를 다루는 7년 전쟁 이전에 간행된 팸플릿들, 경제와 정치의 문제를 동시에 다루었던 당대의 저작들을 살펴봄으로써 이 논문은 상인들이 제국의 문제를 근본적으로 정치 이데올로기와 헌정 체제의 차원이 아니라 상업 관계와 그로부터 영국이 얻는 경제적 이익을 중심으로 이해했고, 이를 토대로 식민지와의 화해, 좀 더 자유로운 식민지인들의 상업 활동을 보장하는 새로운 제국 경제의 틀을 모색했다는 것을 보여준다.
Abstract
This essay concerns British public debate on the imperial economy during the Atlantic imperial crisis, 1763-1783. Engaging with the existing scholarship on the ideological and constitutional aspects of the imperial debate, the study proposes to delineate economic ideas, issues, and concerns of the British mercantile population who constituted one of the most knowledgeable sources of information concerning imperial economy and politics. Benefiting from two superb electronic collections of eighteenth-century texts ― Eighteenth Century Collections Online and The Making o the Modern World ― the essay examines about seventy pamphlets whose mercantile authorship can be reasonably well established through internal evidence and other bibliographic references. This examination also covers other pamphlets concerning both the constitutional and economic sides of the imperial debate and older materials dealing with the workings of the imperial economy. Through this examination, the essay suggests that the imperial debate required the merchant to re-assess the inherited assumptions about the economic functions of the North American colonies as provider of raw material, market for British manufactures, and source of Britain's naval power. Stressing the growing importance of North American market for British manufactures, the merchant argued for commercial benefits drawn from the American colonies which they believed ought to take precedence over the constitutional authority of the metropolitan legislature. In this spirit the merchant argued for reconciliation with the rebelling colonies, and proposed to modify the existing framework of imperial economic regulation based on the Navigation Acts, granting further economic incentives for the colonies to remain part of Britain’s empire. This case for a freer empire of commerce, which the merchant put forward persistently throughout the 1763-1783 period, failed to make any difference to the collapse of Britain’s imperial authority in the American colonies. The debate on imperial economy, however, served to highlight the fact that the Atlantic imperial crisis did not exclusively relate to the constitutional framework of the empire and also anticipated the continuing tension between commercial and territorial visions of empire in the coming decades.
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