옥스퍼드 운동(Oxford Movement)의 정신이 영국 교회음악에 미친 영향 ―그레고리오 성가 부활을 중심으로―

Abstract

This paper studies the spirit of the Oxford movement and its influence on the church music in the 19th-century England. During that period, the church of England saw the revival of the Gregorian chant, the liturgical music of the Roman Catholic church, which had disappeared after the Reformation. Tractarianism, another appellation for the Oxford movement, pursued the medieval liturgy and Catholicism. Tractarians, seeking for the tractarianism, tried to change the desperate state of the English church. And those tractarians, such as Druitt, Oakeley, Jebb, built foundations for the revival of the English plainchant. They sang the chant during choral services and glamourized the church, focusing on sanctifying worship. To the tractarians, the manners of performance for chant in which a soloist or the choir alternated with the congregation were the most appropriate form for the liturgy. As a result, the idea and behaviour of the tractarians gave an alarming shock to the church of England. The Cambridge Camden Society played the crucial role in expressing the inner spirit of the movement with the visible works. It strongly advocated the use of the Gregorian chants by means of upholding the sublimity in the church. It was the Cambridge Camden Society that accomplished a substantial growth of academic interest, leading to the publication of books. A lot of important musical products appeared in public including The Accompanying harmonies to the Psalter Noted (1851) and The Accompanying harmonies to the Hymnal Noted (1852) by Thomas Helmore. The spirit of the Oxford movement, therefore, offered theological and aesthetical grounds for the revival of the catholic plainchant in the 19th-century England. As Routely said, it could be called English Counter-Reformation in the light of pursuing the holiness and sanctification in the service. No doubt that it was really unique historical event different from the catholic liturgical movement in the continent as well as in England. Hymns based on the evangelicalism in the 18th-century, following after metrical psalms in the 16th-century, were blended with the English Gregorian chants. The development of the newly created English hymn books were accelerated. Finally the church of England produced their own English hymns, such as Hymns ancient and modern (1861), which were the musical synthesis of the Protestantism and the Catholicism.