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영국은 왜 북아메리카 식민지를 잃었는가?: 북아메리카 독립전쟁의 영국적 기원

Why Did Britain Lose the American Colonies: The British Origins of the American War of Independence

김대륜
영국사학회|2019.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제42호|pp. 83-116|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..42.201912.83

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참고문헌

키워드

주권sovereigntyWhigs북아메리카 독립전쟁북아메리카 식민지휘그파토리파American War of IndependenceAmerican coloniesTories
주제분류역사학

초록

이 논문은 영국 본국의 관점에서 북아메리카 독립전쟁의 기원을 다시 살펴본다. 7년 전쟁에서 승리함으로써 영 제국의 판도는 전례 없이 확장되었으나 영국은 제국 전체를 아우르는 헌정 질서 문제와 처음으로 진지하게 맞닥트리게 되었다. 1763년 국왕포고령부터 차세법(茶稅法)에 이르는 여러 제국 개혁 정책에 대해서 식민지인은 군주에 대한 충성심을 바탕으로 자율적인 정치 공동체들이 결속된 느슨한 연방 형태의 제국이라는 새로운 비전을 만들어냈다. 영국 내 급진 휘그파는 이런 새로운 비전에 동조했던 반면 대부분의 지배 엘리트는 영국 의회가 제국 전역에 주권을 행사하는 헌정 질서를 내세웠다. 이 논문은 지배 엘리트가 이런 비전을 제시하는 과정을 이해하기 위해서는 영국 내에서 진행되던 당파 갈등에 주목해야 한다고 주장한다. 기존 지배 질서에 대한 급진 휘그파의 비판이 도시 중간 부류 사이에서 지지를 얻자 지배 엘리트는 명예혁명 이후에 자리 잡은 기존 정치 질서에 더욱 집착하게 되었다. 이들이 사회질서를 유지하기 위해 토지 귀족이 지배하는 의회 주권을 고수했던 일은 제국의 문맥에서는 식민지에 대한 의회의 우위라는 주장으로 나타났고, 그것은 식민지와의 타협을 극히 어렵게 만들었다.

Abstract

This paper revisits the origins of the War of American Independence from the metropolitan perspective. Britain’s victory in the Seven Years War enlarged its empire on an unprecedented scale, but it also forced Britain’s governing elites to address the problem of imperial constitution for the first time since the beginning of Britain’s Atlantic empire. In response to several reform measures from the royal proclamation of 1763 to Tea Act, the American colonists came to articulate their imperial vision of a federal polity composed of several states enjoying political autonomy while sharing loyalty to the common imperial monarch. While radical Whigs in metropolis were willing to accept this new imperial vision, most governing elites envisioned a completely different empire, in which Britain’s parliament would exercise supreme power over the whole empire under the principle of ‘King in Parliament.’ This paper argues that the articulation of this vision can be understood in the metropolitan context of partisan conflict between the governing elites and radical Whigs. As radical Whigs’s challenge to the existing political and social order appealed to urban middling classes, the governing classes responded by more strictly adhering to the political settlement in the wake of the Glorious Revolution. This aristocratic, land-based, and parliament-centered vision informed their uncompromising commitment to parliament’s supremacy over the colonies, and made it extremely difficult for them to settle with the colonies.

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