영제국 외교정책의 추이와 평가, 1865-1902
Progress and Assessments of the Foreign Policy of the British Empire, 1865-1902
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“19세기 전개되던 영국의 모든 외교정책을 캐닝이 선보인 고립정책이란 방식에서만 이해하려 한 것, 이것을 넘어서 생각해볼 방식이 없을까?” 필자는 이 의문에 대한 해결점을 찾을 수 있는 한 논문을 주목하게 되었다. 이 논문에는 19세기 전반기 영국외교정책을 다룬 외무장관 및 총리 출신인 캐슬레이, 캐닝, 파머스턴을 주목하면서 이들이 다루었던 고립정책과 이 정책에 의해 묻혀있던 간섭정책을 확실하게 증명해 내고 있었다. 본고는 이 연구의 결과에 착안하여 본격적으로 영제국의 시대가 열리는 19세기 후반기 외교정책의 모습을 다루었다. 특히 당시 외무장관 및 총리 출신인 디즈레일리, 글래드스턴, 솔즈베리 세 인물들의 외교활동을 점검하면서 살펴보려했다. 그 결과 기존의 외교적 틀인 고립정책은 세 인물이 줄곧 고수한 것으로 확인되었다. 다만 간섭정책만큼은 정치, 외교환경, 정책입안자들의 특성에 따라 다양한 변화를 보여주었고 이러한 변화는 대영제국의 상승과 몰락에 비례하여 이루어졌다는 것을 알게 되었다.
Abstract
A paper shed light on my question: “Can we go beyond the existing interpretations which find all the solutions in terms of ‘the isolation policy’ that was completed when Canning dealt with British diplomacy in the 19th century?” The paper above focuses on Castlereagh, Canning and Palmerston, who, as foreign ministers and prime ministers charged British foreign policy in the first half of the 19th century, and they clearly demonstrated ‘the interference policy’ below the surface of the isolation policy. Based on the research results of above-mentioned study, this study attempts to examine the foreign policy of the second half of the 19th century, the prime era of the British Empire, while checking the diplomatic activities of three figures, Disraeli, Gladston, and Salisbury, who served as foreign ministers and prime ministers at that time. These three politicians adhered to the existing diplomatic framework, the isolation policy. However, they occasionally showed interference policy, reflecting the characteristics of politics, the foreign environment, and policymakers. Fluctuation of interference policy was in proportion to the rise and fall of the British Empire.
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