근대 영국의 전쟁방식과 전략문화―리델 하트의 ‘간접 접근’ 테제를 중심으로―
The Way in Warfare and Strategic Culture in Modern Britain―Focusing on Liddell Hart’s ‘Indirect Approach’ Thesis―
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영국은 18세기 중엽 이후 유럽의 강대국으로 부상하면서 유럽 대륙에서 일어나는 세력균형의 변화에 민감하게 반응할 수밖에 없었다. 기본적으로는 우월한 해군력으로 해결코자 했으나 경우에 따라서는 지상군을 파병해 대륙에서 일어난 군사상의 위협을 해결하려고 했다. 이러한 영국의 전쟁방식에 대해 최초로 체계적 분석을 시도한 인물은 20세기 영국의 대표적 군사전략가 중 한 명인 리델 하트(Liddell Hart)였다. 그는 1932년에 『영국의 전쟁방식』을 발간해 이 주제에 대한 연구자들의 관심을 촉발시켰다. 그는 1930년대 중반 이래 The Times의 국방문제 전문기자로 활약하면서 군사전문가이자 문필가로서 명성을 떨쳤다. 제1차 대전에 대한 연구를 통해서, 그는 제2차 세계대전 발발 시까지 “영국은 유럽 대륙의 전쟁에 대규모 지상군을 파병해선 안 된다”는 입장으로 일관했다. 이는 그가 얻은 결론이기도 했다. 이러한 리델 하트의 선구자적인 연구는 1970년대에 군사사가들의 조명을 받으면서 주목받는 논쟁으로 발전되었다. 이러한 맥락에서 이 논문에서는 근대 이후 좀 더 집중적으로는 19세기 말 이후 영국의 유럽 대륙에 대한 군사적 개입이 어떠한 모습을 보여 왔고, 왜 그러한 독특한 형태로 나타났는가를 전쟁방식과 전략문화의 상관관계라는 측면에서 ‘간접 접근’이라는 테제로 이 주제를 공론화시킨 리델 하트를 중심으로 고찰한다. 좀 더 넓은 차원에서 이 논문은 전쟁과 사회의 상호교류와 그 불가분성을 밝히려는 것이다.
Abstract
Two strategic paradigms have been developed to set the course of British defence policy since 1688. One was to stay aloof from European affairs, and the other was to intervene directly in the continental conflicts by dispatching large-scale land forces. The former usually suggested that British security rested on a stable balance of power in Europe. However, during the second half of the nineteenth century, the spread of the industrial revolution to Britain’s continental neighbours and the impact of science and technology on naval power eroded Britain’s advantages in security as an island. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Britain’s relative power had so declined that she could no longer remain aloof and hold the balance of power in Europe. In his book published in 1932 Liddell Hart analyzed the characteristics of traditional British defence policy, which he later called the ‘British way in warfare’. He argued that prior to 1900, Britains’ grand strategy was based on the protection of her overseas Empire by using her naval superiority and on avoiding committing major British forces to fight in Continental land battles. He could only lament the fact that during the First World War the British had abandoned this ‘British way in warfare’ and sent a continental-scale army to France. However, ‘British way in warfare’ was frequently challenged before the First World War. Even at the height of the ‘Pax Britannica’ in the nineteenth century, Britain had to involve herself in the alliances of the European state system. The First World War merely marked Britain’s clearest acceptance of a continental commitment and rejection of the ‘British way in warfare’. Recently some well-known military historians have joined in the argument. In particular, Michael Howard argues that the Royal Navy provided some strategic flexibility to Britain but that it was basically ancillary to the great decisions by land. Therefore, this article examines the development of British defence policy broadly since 1688, especially since the late nineteenth century in terms of what the ‘British way in warfare’ meant and what role the British strategic culture had played in formulating such a strategy, by focusing on the ‘indirect approach’ idea suggested by Liddell Hart.
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