1920년대와 1930년대 영국의 군사전략과 군비개발정책
Military Strategies and Policies of Armaments Development: Britain in the Interwar Years
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영국이 역사상 최대 제국을 구축하고 근대 자본주의 산업과 경제를 선도했지만 군사적으로는 소극적이고 후진적이었다는 전통적 견해는 많은 검증되지 않은 가정에 기초하고 있다. 근래에 진행된 연구들은 이와는 매우 다른 영국 국가의 모습을 제시하는데 도움을 주고 있다. 이차대전 발발 전까지는 물론이고 이차대전 후 얼마 동안에도영국의 엘리트는 군사정책과 군비개발에 있어 과학과 기술을 적극적으로 이용하고 응용하면서 공격적인 군사전략과 기술위주의 첨단 군비를 갖춘 최고의 군사전력을 유지했다. 영국은 일차대전 이전부터 누려온 일등 해군국으로서의 지위를 1920년대와1930년대를 통해 지켰으며, 새로운 분야인 공군에 있어서도 가장 선진적인 무기와 공격적인 전략을 추구했다. 전통적 약점인 육군에서조차 열세를 만회하기 위해 신무기인탱크를 적극 개발하고 이를 이용한 탱크전의 개념을 발전시켰다. 이와 더불어 군사관련 조직과 무기개발을 담당할 국가기구와 인력도 확대되고 늘어났다. 고위 관료집단에서조차 이제까지 간주된 것보다는 훨씬 많은 수의 영향력 있고유능한 기술 전문가들이 포진하게 됐고, 전쟁의 경험과 과학적, 기술적 지식의 중요성이 커짐에 따라, 전문성을 갖춘 인물들이 관료제 내에서도 새로운 주요 집단으로 자리를 잡게 됐다. 이들과 함께 군대 내에 있는 많은 기술 관련 현역 장교들과 민간인들은군사적인 연구시설을 중심으로 R&D에 열중하면서 적지 않은 첨단 무기들을 개발했고, 이 무기들은 이차대전 중과 그 이후에도 다른 나라들의 군비에 큰 영향을 주었다. 이러한 그림에서 나치 독일의 도전에 직면해 유화적인 정책에만 매달릴 수밖에 없었던 지치고 쇠락한 거인의 모습은 찾기가 무척 어렵다.
Abstract
This article has attempted to challenge the conventional view that by the onset of WWII Britain had become a militarily effete and weary titan despite its enormous colonial possessions and superb industrial might. A series of recent revisions, however, have presented quite a different picture. Britain persistently pursued superiority in military technology as well as innovations in military thinking and strategy. During the interwar years and even for sometime after the Second World War Britain's elite in government, through the energetic and innovative use of science and technology, managed not only to maintain their pre-WWI naval supremacy but to lead the newest area of military competition, the air force. They even tried to compensate their traditional weaknesses of the army by pioneering both in the production of the tank and in the formulation of the tank warfare concept. In line with this, the state machinery and its personnel were significantly expanded to deal with the increased weapons production and research. A considerable number of experts and specialists became a visible and influential force even among the upper echelon of the civil service commonly regarded as the domain of the ‘amateurish’ and ‘generalist’ administrators characteristic of the Victorian era. Furthermore, as the need for scientific and technological knowledge and expertise increased, many a specialist became state employees and established themselves as an important stratum within the structure of the civil service. Together with this cadre of experts, the serving technical officers and civilian research corps in the armed forces made a crucial contribution to the development of new military strategies and weapons, which were to be widely used throughout the world during WWII and beyond. The images that emerge from this picture do not quite fit with a declining weak giant plagued with an outmoded and deficient military thinking and weaponry.
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