17세기 잉글랜드군 전술 교리의 재검토: 스튜어트 시대 잉글랜드는 군사적으로 낙후되었는가
Rethinking Seventeenth-Century English Military Doctrine
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초록
16-17세기 유럽에 전쟁이 격화되면서 각국에서 전쟁과 군사에 대한 담론이 활발하게 일어났다. 이러한 추세에 따라 잉글랜드에서도 이 시기에 많은 군사서적들이 출판되었다. 그러나 전통적인 관점에서 이 시기 잉글랜드의 군사 서적들과 거기에서 드러나는 군사 사상은 복고적이었으며 유럽 대륙에서 일어나던 ‘군사 혁명’과 유리되었다는 평가를 받아왔다. 기존의 많은 연구들은 이러한 복고주의가 잉글랜드의 군사와 기술 발전을 가로막았으며, 이러한 장애는 17세기 말, 명예혁명을 전후해서 유럽 대륙의 선진 사상이 본격적으로 유입됨으로서야 해소될 수 있었다고 주장하였다. 본고는 17세기 잉글랜드에서 출간되었으며 널리 읽힌 군사 서적들을 검토함으로서 이러한 기존 주장을 반박하고자 한다. 당시 잉글랜드에서 가장 널리 읽힌 군사 서적들이 취한 태도는 복고주의와는 거리가 멀었다. 이 책들의 저자들은 대부분 유럽 대륙에서 풍부한 실전 경험을 쌓은 군인들이었으며, 당시 전쟁의 급변하는 현실을 잘 알고 있었다. 이들은 잉글랜드의 전략적, 전술적 현실에 맞추어 새로운 이론과 과거의 교훈을 조화시키고자 하였으며, 그런 측면에서 보았을 때 잉글랜드는 당시 유럽 군사문화의 확고한 일원이었다.
Abstract
War was a central concern for the early-modern state, and seventeenth-century England was no exception. Regular conflict, combined with the growth of literary community, stimulated a boom of publication of numerous books and treatises related to military affairs. However, this phenomenon has often been interpreted in a negative light, with a number of historians arguing that English writings on war were either based on uncritical acceptance of the authority of ancient Greek and Roman authors, or on anachronistic ‘chivalric revival’. This, according to such an interpretation, resulted in the alienation of England from the Continental development and thus made England a military backwater isolated from the European ‘Military Revolution’. This paper will suggest that the intellectual milieu of early-modern England concerning warfare was far more vibrant than it has often been portrayed. Many English military writings offered a cautious but critical approach towards ancient and contemporaneous European military authorities, far from uncritical acceptance of them. While many English writers were open to their influences, they applied such influences to the existing military tradition of England in a gradual and eclectic manner. In this sense, England was very much a part of contemporary European-wide military culture.
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