굴뚝청소 아동의 재해와 사회적 대응, 영국 1750-1875
Occupational Hazards of Chimney Sweeping Children and the Social Response, England 1750-1875
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초록
18-19세기 굴뚝청소 아동의 재해는 강렬한 인상에 비해 연구가 적게 진행된 주제였다. 이 연구는 굴뚝청소 아동의 작업 중 사고와 직업병을 당시의 조사 자료와 통계를 통해 살펴보고 이를 현대 산업재해와 직업의학의 관점에서 어떻게 이해할 것인지를 논하였다. 첫째로 교구도제 제도라는 고용 관행과 아동들의 구체적 노동조건 및 재해의 성격과 요인들을 분석을 하였다. 음낭암을 포함한 여러 재해에 대한 동시대인들의 분석과 진단을 살펴보고, 상황을 개선시키기 위해 권고되었던 처방과 청소도구의 사용과 같은 제도적 개선책에 대해 논의하였다. 둘째, 동시대인들 특히 굴뚝청소 장인, 의사, 개혁운동가, 반개혁인사 등이 지녔던 인식과 태도를 검토하였다. 굴뚝청소에 아동 고용을 금지하자는 주장의 근거를 살펴보고, 반개혁파는 이와 같은 전면적 개혁을 피하기 위해 어떤 전략을 택했는가를 논의하였다. 마지막으로, 개혁운동의 전개과정을 고찰하였다. 개혁에 우호적인 여론을 형성하기 위하여 개혁가들이 활용한 방법들을 살펴보고, 의회에서의 논쟁과정을 검토하였다. 특히 개혁을 둘러싸고 찬반 양 진영이 상반된 주장을 내세웠다는 점에 주목하여, 당시의 통계자료를 통해 반 개혁파의 주장이 타당성이 없었다는 점을 밝혔다.
Abstract
Research on the occupational hazards for chimney sweeping children in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has to date been inadequate despite the notoriety of the work as known by contemporaries. This study investigates the types of accidents and occupational illnesses young chimney sweeps frequently faced and discusses them from the viewpoint of modern industrial medicine and occupational hazards. This study first examines parish apprenticeship, the dominant employment practice for child chimney sweeps. It moves on to discuss the nature of accidents and illnesses from which the children suffered, and how medical doctors and reformers of the time understood these factors in terms of causes, diagnoses, remedies, and prevention, including the use of newly developed cleaning devices. Secondly, this paper investigates the opinions and attitudes of contemporaries, particularly chimney sweeping masters, doctors, reformers and those opposed to reform. Special attention is paid to the grounds on which the reformers based their actions and the strategies of anti-reformers. Finally, the reform movement is discussed, particularly the controversies expressed in books, newspapers, public discourse, and eventually in Parliament. An investigation of statistics surrounding reforms provides concrete evidence of the untenable nature of the arguments of those against reform.
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