침묵하는 신체: 17세기 네덜란드 회화에 재현된 아동노동 연구
Silent Bodies: A Study of Child Labor Represented in 17th-Century Dutch Paintings
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본 연구는 17세기 네덜란드 미술에 나타난 아동의 재현방식을 당대 아동노동의 실상에 견주어 사회사적으로 해석하려는 시도이다. 17세기 네덜란드 회화에서 또한 어린아이는 상징과 교훈, 일상의 매개체 역 할을 담당했다. 특히 당시 회화에서 어린이는 성인기의 예표로 표현되었으며 가령 놀이에 빠진 어린이는 성숙한 성인이 극복해야 할 어리석음과 방종을 암시했다. 반면 정숙하고 단아한 아동이미지는 네덜란드 공화국의 이상적 국민을 대변했다. 그러나 네덜란드 회화의 아동재현 관습과 더불어 이에 대한 주 류비평의 상징적, 우의적 독해방식은 회화작품을 동시대의 사회적 현실과 유리시킨 결과를 초래했다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 17세기 네덜란드의 경제적 하부구조에서 무시할 수 없는 역할을 담당했던 아동노동의 실상에 주목하고 이에 대한 사회학적 발견들을 근거로 당대 회화의 아동표상들에 대한 재해석을 시도한다. 노동사 연구에서 아동노동 특히 착취적 아동노동은 19세기 산업혁명과 더불어 일반화된 것으로 파악한다. 그러나 공장노동 이전 농업과 가내수공업에서도 아동노동은 엄존했으며 독자적 산업화를 이룩했던 네덜란드 공화국의 조직화된 아동노동은 여타 서구국가들의 근대화 과정을 두 세기 정도 앞선 것이다. 아동노동의 비참한 현실이 17세기 네덜란드에서 이미 현실화되었음에도 불구하고 당대 네덜란드의 회화작품에서 아동노동에 대한 현실고발적인 상황을 찾아보기는 쉽지 않다. 본 연구는 이를 네덜란드 경제의 근대적 현실과 회화의 관습적 재현방식이 상호 대립한 상황으로 파악한다. 여기에서 네덜란드 회화가 아동의 재현 문제를 두고 전통적 표상과 사회적 현실 사이에서 겪었던 딜레마를 어떤 방식으로 극복하려 했는지 검토할 필요성이 제기된다.
Abstract
This study examines the representation of child labor in the seventeenth-century Dutch paintings in terms of the realities of child labor at the time. The seventeenth-century Dutch paintings also favored children by presenting them as agents of symbols, morals, and life lessons. In particular, the children's images were brought bear upon certain negative traits of adulthood: a child indulged in playing, for instance, signified foolishness and unrestraint. By contrast, the image of a lovely and graceful child incarnated the ideal citizen of the Dutch republic. Despite its wide range of interpretation, however, the symbolic, allegorical reading has served to isolate the paintings from the contemporary social realities. Thus this study pays attention to the actual conditions of child labor which played a considerable role in maintaining the Netherlands’ wholesome national economy. Drawing on sociological, statistical findings, it tries to reinterpret the artistic representations of the child labor. Labor historians agree that child labor, especially exploitative child labor was normalized in the West along with the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution. Yet child labor did exist in farming and family industries prior to the emergence of the factories. The organized child labor in the Dutch Republic, the country that achieved an industrialization on its own, appeared two centuries earlier than in other Western countries. Although the bitter state in which the working children were placed was well under way as early as the seventeenth century, it is hard to find the paintings that recorded the subject in a manner of social realism. The present study views this situation as the one in which the conventional modes of painting were incapable of rendering the modern economic reality. Here arises the need to investigate how the Dutch art surmounted the dilemma between traditional painting style and social reality of the day.
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