잉글랜드 내전기 스티븐 마샬(Stephen Marshall)의 적(敵) 담론
Stephen Marshall and the Discourse of ‘Enemy’ during the English Civil War
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잉글랜드에서 1640년에 혁명이 일어났고 이것은 1642년 여름에 내전으로 이어졌다. 하지만 대대수의 국민들은 전쟁을 원치 않았고 이를 후원하는데 있어서도 소극적이었다. 그러나 소수는 전쟁을 원했고 이를 위한 준비를 앞장서서 하기 시작했다. 이런 맥락에서 가장 중요하게 대두되는 것 중 하나는 퓨리턴 성직자들의 역할이다. 이들은 의회, 군대, 지방, 교구 등 나라 각처에서 사람들에게 의회가 추구하는 종교 및 정치 개혁의 정당성을 호소했고 전쟁에 적극적으로 참여할 것을 역설했다. 본 연구는 가장 영향력 있던 퓨리턴 성직자중 하나였던 스티븐 마샬의 종교담론에서 나타난 적의 개념을 집중적으로 조명하고자 한다. 특히 그가 적을 어떻게 정의 했으며 적과 아군의 관계를 어떻게 보았고 더 나아가 전시에 하나님의 사람들 즉 아군으로부터 요구되는 행동에 대해 어떻게 생각했는가를 구체적으로 분석하고자한다. 종교담론을 연구하는 것은 비단 17세기 잉글랜드의 종교를 고찰하는데 국한되지 않는다. 그 당시 종교사상은 사회 전 영역을 설명하는 핵심적인 분석의 틀을 제공해주었기 때문에, 종교 사상체계를 이해하는 것은 당시 사람들 생각의 많은 영역을 이해할 수 있게 해준다. 따라서 퓨리턴들의 적의 개념은 그들이 왜 개혁을 위해 전쟁을 마다하지 않았는가를 보여줄 뿐만 아니라 더 나아가 자신들이 살고 있는 세계를 바라본 시각에 대한 이해를 높여줄 것이다.
Abstract
The English Revolution commenced in late 1640, and this eventually led to a Civil War a few years later. Although the war lasted for seven years and wrought much devastation in its wake, the picture of England differed markedly just several years prior to it. There were no doubt conflicts in the religious, political, and social spheres during the preceding decades, but they did not create enough fireworks to warrant a war, and of the magnitude witnessed during the 1640s, as the only means of a resolution. To reflect such a situation, the Civil War did not get underway for almost two years after the Revolution. Against this backdrop, how an internecine warfare that embroiled the entire country for almost a decade got started in the first place becomes not an easy question to answer. It has been suggested that a zealous minority of English people supporting either the parliament or the king fan the flames of war, actively encouraging and driving others to military confrontation. The enthusiastic minority included people from all ranks of society, and the ministers were no exception. The charismatic minister, Stephen Marshall stands out among them. Marshall commanded respect as an inspirational preacher and his numerous publications helped him cast a wide net of influence, arguably unmatched by his godly colleagues. This article examines Marshall’s writings to explore his concept of ‘enemy’, in particular. The war created a sharply polarized atmosphere, and many Puritan preachers including Marshall engaged in a discourse and rhetoric which reflected such a climate. They delivered sermons which left little room for compromise and unilaterally commended the cause of the parliament. A detailed analysis of Marshall’s writings and especially the pattern of argument he employed to shape people’s perception of the enemies of the parliament will thus shed light on how a minority of clergymen contributed to the process of preparing for and actually fighting a war that so many people sought to avoid. Although how the godly perceived themselves and developed a relationship with hostile neighbors during the decades prior to 1640 have been extensively explored, how such a self perception and relationship with opponents changed or reinforced themselves in the crucible of war have not been adequately examined. This article seeks to remedy this historiographical neglect and offer an initial exploration of the issue.
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