퓨리턴의 꿈과 언약국가
The Dream of Puritans and the Covenanted Nation
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본 논문은 종교개혁 직후부터 잉글랜드와 스코틀랜드에서 신과의 언약이라는 개념이 장로교로의 종교개혁과 얼마나 강하게 결부되어있는가를 1640년 스코틀랜드의 국민언약과 잉글랜드의 항의 그리고 1643년에 채택된 「엄숙동맹과 언약」을 통해 점검해보고자 하였다. 이러한 언약들은 청교도 주류의 교회개혁을 위한 도구였고 그들의 목표는 잉글랜드와 스코틀랜드 양국 교회를 장로교로 개혁하는 것이었다. 그러나 이러한 꿈은 1646년 여름 언약에 대한 급진 청교도의 상이한 해석에 따라 사라져버렸다. 잉글랜드 혁명에 대한 많은 연구가 혁명의 실패를 올리버 크롬웰과 존 밀턴으로 상징되는 급진적 청교도들의 정책에서 찾고자 하였다. 그러나 이러한 접근은 청교도 개혁의 성공여부를 결정한 절대다수 청교도의 태도를 고려하지 못한 것이다. 언약과 완전한 장로교에 대한 꿈을 가졌던 주류 청교도는 1646년 여름과 1647년 여름 사이 언약의 파기를 목격하였고, 그 결과 그들의 꿈을 거두고 있었다. 1650년대 ‘성도의 통치’는 이미 1640년대 중반에 실패가 확정되어 있었다.
Abstract
The aim of this research is to examine how the English and Scottish presbyterians adapted the concept of national covenant in their religious reform campaign during the British Revolutions. The Scottish Presbyterians renewed their national covenant in 1638 to keep the kirk from the Caroline religious innovations. The astonishing success of the Covenanters made the Long Parliament to take the Protestation of 1641. The language used in the Protestation was similar to the National Covenant, even though the term ‘Presbyterian’ was not employed. It was an attempt by the English presbyterians to establish their model of church in England. The biggest chance to secure the presbyterian government for the Church of England came when England and Scotland entered the Solemn League and Covenant, a dual national covenant in 1643. The reformation of the Church of England “according to the Words of God and examples of the best reformed churches” was sworn. For the mainstream of puritans, it was a British uniformity according to the Scottish presbyterian model that they sworn, but for the Independents and the Erastians, the kirk was neither jure divino nor the best reformed church. The Independents and the Erastians would have the presbyterian system, but in their own versions. The former argued for toleration within the presbyterian system, the later the presbyterian system under the jurisdiction of the parliament. The Covenanters and the English presbyterians regarded the radical interpretation of the Solemn League and Covenant as breach of the covenant. They warned, but eventually failed to persuade the Long Parliament to remain in their interpretation of the covenant. The puritan majority shared the sense of frustration, and fear of God’s punishment for the breaking the covenant expressed by Robert Baille, one of the Scottish commissioners to the Westminster Assembly in the summer of 1646. They saw their dream dashed and the covenant broken. The failure of the rule of the saints in 1650s was anticipated as early as in the summer of 1646.
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