홉스봄의 시선: 제국주의와 ‘제3세계’
Hobsbawm’s Eyes: On Imperialism and ‘the Third World’
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마르크스주의 역사가 홉스봄에게 제국주의는 비서구 영토에 대한 서구의 정치적, 경제적, 문화적 침탈 이전에 단일한 세계 경제의 확립이었고, 제국주의에 의한 식민 지배는 세계사의 일부일 뿐이었다. 또한 그는 유럽에서 러시아 혁명이 발발하기 전까지 서구의 식민 지배에 대한 식민지민들의 저항을 시대착오적인 것으로 간주한다. 홉스봄은 제국주의의 역사적 경험을 공유한 ‘제3세계’가 제2차 세계대전 이후의 냉전기에 서구 자본주의 경제의 유례없는 성장에 힘입어 비로소 경제발전을 이루어내고 근대 세계로 진입하게 되었다고 주장한다. 아울러 ‘제3세계’는 사회혁명의 가능성이 상실된 서구와 달리 사회혁명의 가능성을 보여준 곳이었고, 그 사회혁명은 자본주의적 근대로의 전환을 위한 것이었다고 규정한다. 제국주의와 ‘제3세계’에 대한 홉스봄의 이러한 시선은 마르크스주의적인 것이라기보다는 역사 과정을 전근대로부터 서구적 근대로의 발전이라는 단일한 과정으로 보고 있는 서구 중심적인 부르주아적 근대주의자, 발전주의자의 시선이며, 그러한 시선 하에서 ‘제3세계’는 늘 서구에 뒤처지고 서구를 뒤따라가는 서구의 ‘타자’ 자리에 위치한다.
Abstract
Hobsbawm, a world-famous Marxist historian, suggests that the rapid development and expansion of capitalism led to the formation of the world history in the late nineteenth century after the modern world had been shaped by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. He understands imperialism, above all, as a moment of the creation of a single global economy, even if he recognizes it was employed as a common policy by European governments to occupy and exploit the territories of the non-West. In this context, he considers imperial colonialism as a small part of the course of the world history. Moreover, for him, the anti-colonial struggles in the non-Western world in the period prior to the Russian Revolution were just anachronic because they were far from being a step for modernity. Hobsbawm argues that ‘the Third World’ countries had been in a state of underdevelopment due to the colonial dominance of the West for a long time, but some of those backward countries finally experienced the transition from pre-modern to modern world in the midst of unprecedented growth and prosperity of capitalist economy in the era of Cold War. But he deplores that social revolutions were no longer possible in the West. For him, ‘the Third World’ was a substitute of the West or a supplementary place because the possibility of social revolution remained only in ‘the Third World’. Ironically enough, however, the celebrated Marxist historian expects not a counter-capitalist or socialist revolution but a kind of bourgeois one in ‘the Third World’. His eyes on imperialism and ‘the Third World’ are thus focused on Eurocentrism, capitalist development and modernization all of which undergird much of his thought of history itself. According to these ways of thinking, history is a linear, singular, and universal course of development from pre-modern to Western-styled modern eras. That is, all of regional histories in the globe are understood as local versions of European history in spite of their own historical temporalities and cultural differences. In his historical thought, ‘the Third World’ is forced to be positioned as the subordinated ‘Other’ of the West.
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