영제국의 위기와 노예무역 폐지운동과 도덕개혁 운동의 결합, 1787-1807
The Convergence of the Abolitionist Movement and the Reformation of Manners and Morals during the Years of Crisis of the British Empire, 1787-1807
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이 논문은 그동안 종합적으로 이해되지 못했던 노예무역 폐지운동과 도덕개혁을 연결 지어 설명하려는 시도로서, 이는 18세기 말 영국 복음주의 정치가들이 궁극적으로 추구했던 바에 대한 고찰이기도 하다. 18세기 말 미국 독립혁명부터 시작하여 19세기 초까지 영국이 겪었던 일련의 국가적 위기 상황은 반노예제 운동이 담론과 사고의 영역을 넘어 정치적 실천주의와 결합하게 되는 배경이자 영국 헌정질서를 지키기 위해 사회 분위기를 새롭게 하려는 도덕개혁 운동이 시작되는 상황으로서 역할 하였다. 제국의 위기국면에서, 복음주의자들의 반노예제 운동은 도덕담론과 결합하여 국가 전반에 대한 도덕개혁 운동으로 발전하였다. 복음주의 정치가들이 반노예제 운동과 연계하여 도덕개혁을 추진한 것은 일면 혁명이후 상황이 가져다 준 도덕성의 위기에 대한 응전이었다. 또한 반노예제 운동은 그 자체로 도덕개혁을 완수하기 위한 최선의 방법 중 하나로 보였다. 이런 의미에서 18세기 말의 두 운동은 서로 밀접히 결합되어 있었다. 18세기 말에 영국 복음주의 정치가들은 단순히 노예제를 공격하고 하층민의 악행을 통제하는 것을 넘어 영국 헌정체제를 보호하기 위해 새로운 사회적 분위기를 만들려는 큰 그림을 그리고 있었다.
Abstract
This research attempts to give a comprehensive reassessment of the British antislavery movement considering its relation to the reformation of manners and morals in the late eighteenth century. It scrutinizes what British antislavery activists ultimately pursued through these great missions. During the imperial crisis caused by the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic War, the antislavery movement became different to attempts in the past, in that it went beyond only words, and tried to put them into political action. This was also conducive to the rise of the moral reformation as an attempt to protect the imperial system. In the years of crisis, evangelical abolitionism was united with morality and developed into part of the national moral reformation. The intense effort of evangelicals to reform morality, combined with antislavery, was a response to the moral challenge of the Revolution. The movement for the abolition of the slave trade was also seen as the best route to moral reformation, to promote national dignity after the Revolution. In this sense, these movements were closely related to each other. In the late eighteenth century British evangelical politicians were picturing the creation of a new social environment going beyond merely attacking slavery and suppressing the vice among the poor, protecting the principles of the British constitution.
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