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14~16세기 초 잉글랜드 왕실의 이주 정책 - 보호장과 귀화장을 중심으로 -

Migration Policy of the English Crown from the 14th to the Early 16th Century - Focusing on the Letters of Protection and Denization -

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주제분류역사학

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이 글은 중세 말 근대 초 시기 잉글랜드 왕실의 이주 정책의 변화와 그에 작용한 요인을 검토한다. 이 시기 이주 정책은 다양한 방식으로 전개되었다. 그리고 이 과정에는 각 군주들의 정치적 입지, 왕실 재정과 경제적 이해관계, 그리고 군사적, 외교적 대립들과 백년전쟁이 복합적으로 작용했다. 잉글랜드 왕실의 입장에서 이주민 상인들의 관세는 또 다른 재원이 되어주었고 왕실 재정을 토착민에게만 의지해야 하는 수동적 상황을 능동적으로 운용할 수 있도록 만들어 주었다. 또한 이주민 수공업자들은 고급 기술력으로 잉글랜드 제조업에 영향을 주고 왕실의 수요를 충족시키는 인력이었다. 잉글랜드 왕실은 이주민을 보호하기 위한 장치로 보호장과 귀화장이라는 제도를 만들었다. 왕실은 토착민의 불만 해소를 위한 규제 정책을 시행하면서도 성역을 통해 이주민이 규제를 빠져나갈 수 있는 장치도 동시에 마련했다. 이 시기 이주민에 대한 왕실의 조치는 이주민의 존재를 고찰하게 된 외부 요인과 이해관계를 둘러싼 토착민과 이주민 간의 대립, 그리고 이들의 갈등 속에서 다면적 이익을 얻으려는 왕실의 이해관계가 동시에 어우러지며 전개되었다

Abstract

This paper examines the evolution of migration policy in England during the late medieval and early modern periods, with a particular focus on the factors that shaped these changes. During this period, migration policy underwent a number of developments. This process was influenced by the political status of each monarch, the financial and economic interests of the Crown, and military and diplomatic confrontations and the Hundred Years’ War. From the perspective of the Crown, the tariffs levied on alien merchants constituted an additional source of revenue, thereby enabling the Crown to actively manage its financial affairs rather than relying solely on the contributions of its native subjects. Furthermore, immigrant craftsmen provided a highly skilled workforce that influenced English manufacturing and fulfilled royal demands. In order to ensure the protection of migrants, the Crown established the Letters of Protection and the Letters of Denization as instruments to safeguard their rights. While the Crown implemented regulatory policies to address the grievances of the natives, it also created mechanisms for immigrants to escape regulation through sanctuaries. The Crown’s actions towards aliens during this period were shaped by a combination of external factors, including that led it to consider the existence of immigrants, conflicts between natives and immigrants over interests, and the Crown’s own interests in gaining multifaceted benefits from these conflicts.

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