한국 고대 도성의 입지와 사상에 대하여

Abstract

Ancient records tell us that the capital castles of the three ancient kingdoms of the Three Kingdoms Period - Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla - were all built near a wide plain that provided favorable conditions for farming, hunting or fishing, as well as for defense. Regarding Goguryeo, its founder King Jumong chose the area where Onyeosanseong Mountain Fortress and a plain of Jolbon existed side by side to serve as the new dynasty’s capital. Around the mid-third century, the kingdom relocated the capital to an area by the Amnokgang River (also known as the Yalu), where the plain of Gungnaeseong and Jasanseong Mountain Fortress coexisted. In 427, the kingdom relocated the capital to Pyeongyang, where Daeseongsanseong Mountain Fortress and Cheongamri Rampart coexisted. In 586, the kingdom relocated the capital to Janganseong. Thereafter, new capital castles were built by combining the foregoing capital castle systems into one. We can see that all of the capital castles of Goguryeo were located in riverside areas, and that the use of water channels was highly important. Turning to Baekje, during the period when Hanseong (present-day Seoul) was its capital, the capital included Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong, which coexisted as a mountain fortress and a castle on a plain. The kingdom relocated its capital to Ungjin (present-day Gongju) in 475. It is presumed that the royal palace was located within Gongsanseong Mountain Fortress, but it is not known whether a plain coexisted with it. Its relocation of the capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo) in 538 was preceded by the construction of defense facilities like Busosanseong Mountain Fortress and Naseong Castle; and royal palaces and government offices were built to the south of the fortress. However, it is not yet known whether a systematic road network was established there. The locations and the capital castle system of the kingdom were similar to those of Goguryeo, but records and olden-day sites show that the royal palaces of Baekje had extensive gardens, differentiating them from those of Goguryeo. Meanwhile, researchers have pointed to the influence of Feng Shui philosophy in the locations of the groups of tombs in Songsalli in Gongju and Neungsalli in Buyeo, both of which date back to Baekje. As for Silla, Wolseong Castle was established in the late fifth century. By the early sixth century, the castle was being built in earnest, and a number of temples including Heungryunsa and Hwangryongsa were also built at that time. As such, it is presumed that the construction of temples was an important element of the construction of the capital castles in both Silla and Baekje as shown in the example of Sabi. As for the influence of Feng Shui philosophy, we can find a small number of examples of this in the construction of the capital castles of earlier kingdoms, but this philosophy, which attaches importance to mountains, streams, and defense, came to have a more direct influence from the end of the Unified Silla Period and the early Goryeo Period.