본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

중·고등학교 또래괴롭힘 가해자의 정신병질 성향이 공감 수준에 미치는 영향: 사회적 배제경험 전후 변화를 중심으로

The Influence of Bully’s Psychopathic Tendency on the Level of Empathy in Middle & High School: Focusing on the Change after Exclusive Experience

0

조회

0

다운로드

3

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구는 또래괴롭힘 가해자 집단이 정신병질 경향에 따라 피해자에 대한 공감 수준의 차이가 존재하는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 중·고등학교 학생 1,787명을 대상으로 또래괴롭힘 가해 척도, 청소년 정신병질 특성 척도(Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory), 대인관계 반응척도(Interpersonal Reactivity Index)를 실시하여 정신병질 성향, 가해 성향을 측정하였다. 정신병질 경향성이 높은 가해자 집단(이하, 가해-정신병질 집단; n=34)과 정신병질 경향성이 낮은 가해자 집단(이하, 가해-비정신병질 집단; n=39), 정신병질 경향성과 가해성향모두 낮은 집단(이하, 정상 집단; n=40)을 구분하고 실험참가자를 선정하였다. 이들을 대상으로 사이버볼 게임을 실시하여 실제로 배제당하는 상황을 조작하였으며, 배제경험 전/후에 또래괴롭힘 피해자 시나리오를 제시하고 피해자에 대한 공감수준을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 가해-정신병질 집단은 배제경험 전후 피해자에 대한 공감수준에 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았으나, 가해-비정신병질 집단과 정상 집단은 공감수준이 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 동일한 가해자라고 하더라도 정신병질 특성에 따라 배제경험이 피해자에 대한 공감수준에 다른 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 끝으로, 학교폭력 가해자에 대한 개입에 있어 고려해야 할 사항들을 논의하고, 본 연구의 제한점과 후속 연구 방향을 제언하였다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of psychopathy on empathy levels among the adolescent-bully group. In particular, we highlighted whether the exclusion experience changed the empathy levels of participants. The study data was collected from a self-reported questionnaire conducted by 1,794 adolescents. The data was divided into three groups: The bully-psychopathy group, bully-non psychopathy group and normal group. During this experiment, subjects participated in the Cyberball Game. The exclusion experience was manipulated by the game, and the empathy levels regarding the exclusive scenarios were measured before and after of Cyberball Game. As a result, before subjects were excluded from the Cyberball Game, both the bully-psychopathy and bully-non psychopathy groups did not demonstrate any significant differences in the empathy level of victims. After the exclusion experience, both groups showed meaningful differences with respect to the change of empathy level. Although the bully-psychopathy group did not show any drastic change of the empathy level before and after the exclusion experience, the bully-non psychopathy group showed a significant increase in the empathy level. Herein, the significance and limitation of this study are discussed and a future research direction is proposed.

참고문헌 (82)

  1. Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., "Physiologically-indexed and self-perceived affective empathy in conduct-disordered children high and low on callous-unemotional traits", Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, pp.503~517 (2008)
  2. Andershed, H. A., "Psychopaths: Current international perspectives", pp.131~158 (2002), Elsevier
  3. Baumeister, R. F., "Point-counterpoints: Anxiety and social exclusion", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, pp.165~195 (1990)
  4. Baumeister, R. F., "Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: Anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, pp.817~827 (2002)
  5. Bayliss, C. M., "Psychopathy development and implications for early intervention", Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, pp.71~80 (2010)
  6. Blair, R. J. R., "A cognitive developmental approach to morality:Investigating the psychopath", Cognition, 57, pp.1~29 (1995)
  7. Blair, R. J. R., "Neurobiological basis of psychopathy", The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, pp.5~7 (2003)
  8. Blair, R. J. R., "A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, pp.491~498 (2001)
  9. Blair, R. J. R., "The development of psychopathy", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, pp.262~276 (2006)
  10. Brown, B. B., "Perception of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents", Developmental Psychology, 22, pp.521~530 (1986)
  11. Burke, J. D., "Personality disorders in childhood and adolescence", pp.429~494 (2007), John Wiley & Sons
  12. Calkins, S. D., "Physiological and behavioral regulation in two year-old children with aggressive", destructive behavior problems, 2000, pp.28, 103~118
  13. Caravita, S. C., "Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying", Social Development, 18, pp.141~163 (2008)
  14. Catanese, K. R., "The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying", pp.297~305 (2005), Psychology Press
  15. 조아미, "집단 따돌림의 발달적 변화와 유형에 따른 심리적 특성의 차이", 청소년시설환경, 5(3), pp.37~47 (2007), 한국청소년시설환경학회
  16. Choi, E. S., "A study of psychological factors associated with bullying", Journal of Human Understanding and Counseling, 21, pp.109~137 (2000)
  17. Chon, J. Y., "A study on the relation between conformity in group bullying and psychological characteristics", The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 1, pp.23~35 (2004)
  18. Cicchetti, D., "Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology", Development and Psychopathology, 8, pp.507~600 (1996)
  19. Cohen, D., "Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth", Developmental Psychology, 32, pp.988~998 (1996)
  20. Dautenhahn, K., "Models and mechanisms of imitation and social learning in robots, humans and animals: Behavioral social and communicative dimensions", pp.323~339 (2003), Cambridge University Press
  21. Davis, M. H., "A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy", JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, pp.85~103 (1980)
  22. Dienstbier, R. A., "Emotions, cognition and behavior", pp.484~514 (1984), Cambridge University Press
  23. Fanti, K. A., "Linking callous-unemotional traits to instrumental and non-instrumental forms of aggression", Journal of Psychopathology and Behavior Assessment, 31, pp.285~298 (2009)
  24. Feshbach, N. D., "Empathy training and the regulation of aggression: Potentialities and limitations", Academic Psychology Bulletin, 4, pp.399~413 (1982)
  25. Frick, P. J., "Psychopathy:Theory, research and implications for society", pp.161~188 (1998), Kluwer Academic Publishers
  26. Frick, P. J., "The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy", pp.3~24 (2000), Erlbaum
  27. Frick, P. J., "Psychopathy and conduct problems in children", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, pp.700~707 (1994)
  28. Gaertner, L., "The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying", pp.307~320 (2005), Psychology Press
  29. Hicks, C. L., "The Faces Pain Scale - Revised: Toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement", Pain, 93, pp.173~183 (2001)
  30. Hoffman, M. L., "Emotions, cognition and behavior", pp.103~131 (1984), Cambridge University Press
  31. Ickes, W., "Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement", pp.219~241 (2001), Erlbaum
  32. Jang, H. S., "The attachment, self-esteem and self-efficacy in adolescence", The Korean Journal of the Human Development, 4, pp.88~105 (1997)
  33. 강은경, "집단과정으로서의 왕따 : 왕따 참여자 역할과 심리적 특성의 관계 :공격행동, 사회적 능력, 공감을 중심으로", 석사, 발달심리학, pp.2007
  34. 강태신, "청소년 사이코패스 성향 수준에 따른 범죄발현 요인", 미래청소년학회지, 7(3), pp.115~133 (2010), 미래를 여는 청소년학회
  35. 이은희, "집단따돌림 행동유형과 심리적 특성", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 14(2), pp.445~460 (2002), 한국상담심리학회
  36. 김애리, "사회적 배척과 소속 욕구가 사회적 사건의 정서 예측에 미치는 영향", 감성과학, 17(3), pp.83~94 (2014), 한국감성과학회[DOI]
  37. 김동민, "청소년 정신병질 특성 척도 타당화", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 17(1), pp.157~176 (2005), 한국상담심리학회
  38. Kim, H. H., "The bullying and school-related variables", Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 8, pp.119~142 (2001)
  39. Kim, H. W., "Social and psychological variables affecting the behaviors of bullies and victims at school bullying", Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 14, pp.45~64 (2000)
  40. Kim, M. Y., "The study of factors related to school violence", master, pp.2013
  41. Kim, S. E., "The study of relationship between student's empathy, school records, sociality with in class, and attitude about school", master, pp.1997
  42. 김수정, "집단 따돌림의 가해·피해 경향에 영향을 미치는 심리적·사회적 요인", 상담학연구, 6(2), pp.359~371 (2005), 한국상담학회
  43. Kochanska, G., "Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience", Child Development, 64, pp.325~347 (1993)
  44. Koo, B. Y., "Reason of gipdanttadolim in youths and instructions for prevention", 29, pp.9~35 (1997), Korean Youth Counselling and Welfare Institute
  45. Kosson, D. S., "Facial affect recognition in criminal psychopaths", Emotion, 2, pp.398~411 (2002)
  46. 곽금주, "한국의 왕따와 예방프로그램", 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 14, pp.255~272 (2008), 한국문화및사회문제심리학회
  47. 곽금주, "발달적 관점에서 본 정신병질: 아동기와 청소년기를 중심으로", 한국심리학회지:일반, 27(1), pp.71~89 (2008), 한국심리학회
  48. 이현희, "한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도 (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(4), pp.935~946 (2003), 한국임상심리학회
  49. 이희경, "문화성향·공감과 동조가 집단따돌림현상에 미치는 영향", 교육심리연구, 17(4), pp.147~166 (2003), 한국교육심리학회
  50. What accounts for school bullying? : The relations among individual, family and school environment factors in school bullying, "Lee, J. W.", Child Fund Korea, 98~138 (2012)
  51. Lee, S. J., "The relationship of youth’s psychopathic traits and aggression", master, pp.2015
  52. 이수정, "잠재적 범죄위험요인으로서의 정신병질(psychopathy)", 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 10(2), pp.39~77 (2004), 한국문화및사회문제심리학회
  53. 이수정, "사이코패스의 전두엽 집행기능 및 정서인식력 손상기전", 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격, 23(3), pp.107~121 (2009), 한국사회및성격심리학회
  54. Loney, B. R., "Intelligence, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior", Journal of Psychopathology and Behavior Assessment, 20, pp.231~247 (1998)
  55. Lovett, B. J., "Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children and adolescents: A critical review", Clinical Psychology Review, 27, pp.1~13 (2007)
  56. Lynam, D. R., "Pursuing the psychopath: Capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, pp.425~438 (1997)
  57. Masten, C. L., "Witnessing peer rejection during early adolescence:Neural correlates of empathy for experiences of social exclusion", Social Neuroscience, 5, pp.496~507 (2010)
  58. Merrell, K. W., "How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research", School Psychology Quarterly, 23, pp.26~42 (2008)
  59. Miller, P. A., "The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing", antisocial behavior, 1988, pp.103, 324~344
  60. Mineka, S., "Mechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear", Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 122, pp.23~38 (1993)
  61. Moffitt, T. E., "The neuropsychology of conduct disorder", Development and Psychopathology, 5, pp.135~152 (1993)
  62. Muñoz, L. C., "Empathy and bullying:Exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits", Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, pp.183~196 (2011)
  63. Nordgren, L. F., "Empathy gaps for social pain: Why people underestimate the pain of social suffering", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, pp.120~128 (2011)
  64. Olweus, D., "Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys" (1978), Wiley
  65. Park, J., "The causes and the settlements of teenagers mobbing", Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 10, pp.355~369 (2003)
  66. Parker, J. G., "Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?", Psychological Bulletin, 102, pp.357~389 (1987)
  67. Peirce, J. W., "PsychoPy - Psychophysics software in Python", Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162, pp.8~13 (2007)
  68. Péloquin, K., "Measuring empathy in couples: Validity and reliability of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples", Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, pp.146~157 (2010)
  69. Ragatz, L. L., "Criminal thinking patterns, aggression styles, and the psychopathic traits of late high school bullies and bully-victims", Aggressive Behavior, 37, pp.145~160 (2011)
  70. Saltaris, C., "Psychopathy in juvenile offenders: Can temperament and attachment be considered as robust developmental precursors?", Clinical Psychology Review, 22, pp.729~752 (2002)
  71. Sharma, R. M., "Understanding the concept of empathy and its foundations in psychoanalysis" (1993), The Edwin Mellon Press
  72. 신나민, "청소년 또래괴롭힘의 참여유형에 영향을 미치는 요인들: 공감 구인을 중심으로", 청소년복지연구, 14(4), pp.25~45 (2012), 한국청소년복지학회
  73. Stevens, D., "Recognition of emotion in facial expressions and vocal tones in children with psychopathic tendencies", The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162, pp.201~211 (2001)
  74. Sutton, J., "Bullying as a group process: An adaptation of the participant role approach", Aggressive Behaviour, 25, pp.97~111 (1999)
  75. Sutton, J., "Bullying and ‘theory of mind’: A critique of the ’social skills deficit' view of antisocial behaviour", Social Development, 8, pp.117~127 (1999)
  76. Twenge, J. M., "The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying", pp.201~212 (2005), Psychology Press
  77. Twenge, J. M., "If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, pp.1058~1069 (2001)
  78. Twenge, J. M., "Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, pp.606~615 (2002)
  79. Viding, E., "The contribution of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescences", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, pp.471~481 (2009)
  80. Watson, D., "Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, pp.1063~1070 (1988)
  81. Williams, K. D., "Cyberostracism:Effects of being ignored over the internet", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, pp.748~762 (2000)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (11건)