19세기 부하라의 權力構造와 아미르 나스룰라(Nasr Allāh)의 中央集權化
Amīr Nasr Allāh’s Centralization in the Bukharan Khanate 1827-1842
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Bukharan Amīr Nasr Allāh, or Nasrullah, is know as one of the most notorious Asian monarchs not only in the west and but also in the Soviet historiography. His “brutality” is believed to have been revealed with the event of the “outrageous” execution of two British officers, Arthur Conolly and Charles Stoddart in 1842. However, this bias derived from the euro-centric view without scrutinizing indigenous sources written in Persian. Consequently, the historical significance of Nasr Allāh's centralization is subject to reevaluation. In fact, in order to properly understand Nasr Allāh's policies, the power structure of the Bukharan Khanate, or Emirate, needs to be analyzed as a prerequisite. The Manghitid dynasty was founded by Muhammad Rahīm, a chief of Manghit tribe, who was enthroned in 1756 through the execution of a Chingisid Bukharan khan. However, as one of the Bukharan 92 tribes, the Manghit tribe could not successfully claim their suzerainty over other tribes, who attained their own areas of influence. The Manghitids devised various measures to secure loyalty of other tribes, yet intractable nomadic tribes, including Khitai-Qipchaqs, refused to acknowledge Manghitids' legitimacy. With this political setting, Nasr Allāh was involved in succession struggles triggered by his father, Haidar's death. Unlike other brothers, who primarily found support from Islamic religious group, Ulama, or multi-ethnic Bukharan citizens, his political base was laid on nomadic tribes. With tribal army's support, He eventually defeated competitors and obtained the throne in 1427. Therefore, Nasr Allāh's subsequent political agenda was to consolidate his power at the expense of tribal chieftains' influence, which culminated due to their crucial role in Nasr Allāh's enthronement. In order to fulfill his political aims, Nasr Allāh relied on his chancellor, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi. The chancellor, who was responsible of administration, encouraged trade with other countries, including Russia, China, Persia and India, and made use of diplomatic tactics to disrupt the hostile alliance among their enemies, which much contributed to releasing fiscal strain caused by a series of expeditions and following rewards bestowed on participating tribal chieftains. Thus, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi faced tribal chieftains and amirs' opposition, so he endeavored to undermine their power through employing sedentary people. Tadjiks were employed to direct customs office to control tribal dignitaries' trade activities. The standing army, first called “Nizam” and after “Sarbāz”, served as a replacement of tribal armies, which constituted main Bukharan military forces. To conclude, the aim of Nasr Allāh's centralization was to check tribal amirs, and Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi played a leading role for that task. The amir followed Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi's policies even after his death in 1837. Sedentary personalities continued to be mobilized to check amirs. The standing army was enlarged and contributed to conquering Khokand in 1842. Also, vigorous world trade centered on Bukhara, which was peculiar circumstances of the 19th century Bukhara, nurtured the Tadjik merchant class and consequently helped Nasr Allāh's centralization.
Abstract
Bukharan Amīr Nasr Allāh, or Nasrullah, is know as one of the most notorious Asian monarchs not only in the west and but also in the Soviet historiography. His “brutality” is believed to have been revealed with the event of the “outrageous” execution of two British officers, Arthur Conolly and Charles Stoddart in 1842. However, this bias derived from the euro-centric view without scrutinizing indigenous sources written in Persian. Consequently, the historical significance of Nasr Allāh's centralization is subject to reevaluation. In fact, in order to properly understand Nasr Allāh's policies, the power structure of the Bukharan Khanate, or Emirate, needs to be analyzed as a prerequisite. The Manghitid dynasty was founded by Muhammad Rahīm, a chief of Manghit tribe, who was enthroned in 1756 through the execution of a Chingisid Bukharan khan. However, as one of the Bukharan 92 tribes, the Manghit tribe could not successfully claim their suzerainty over other tribes, who attained their own areas of influence. The Manghitids devised various measures to secure loyalty of other tribes, yet intractable nomadic tribes, including Khitai-Qipchaqs, refused to acknowledge Manghitids' legitimacy. With this political setting, Nasr Allāh was involved in succession struggles triggered by his father, Haidar's death. Unlike other brothers, who primarily found support from Islamic religious group, Ulama, or multi-ethnic Bukharan citizens, his political base was laid on nomadic tribes. With tribal army's support, He eventually defeated competitors and obtained the throne in 1427. Therefore, Nasr Allāh's subsequent political agenda was to consolidate his power at the expense of tribal chieftains' influence, which culminated due to their crucial role in Nasr Allāh's enthronement. In order to fulfill his political aims, Nasr Allāh relied on his chancellor, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi. The chancellor, who was responsible of administration, encouraged trade with other countries, including Russia, China, Persia and India, and made use of diplomatic tactics to disrupt the hostile alliance among their enemies, which much contributed to releasing fiscal strain caused by a series of expeditions and following rewards bestowed on participating tribal chieftains. Thus, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi faced tribal chieftains and amirs' opposition, so he endeavored to undermine their power through employing sedentary people. Tadjiks were employed to direct customs office to control tribal dignitaries' trade activities. The standing army, first called “Nizam” and after “Sarbāz”, served as a replacement of tribal armies, which constituted main Bukharan military forces. To conclude, the aim of Nasr Allāh's centralization was to check tribal amirs, and Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi played a leading role for that task. The amir followed Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi's policies even after his death in 1837. Sedentary personalities continued to be mobilized to check amirs. The standing army was enlarged and contributed to conquering Khokand in 1842. Also, vigorous world trade centered on Bukhara, which was peculiar circumstances of the 19th century Bukhara, nurtured the Tadjik merchant class and consequently helped Nasr Allāh's centralization.
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