1912-1913년 복드 정부의 내몽골 통합 시도와 좌절
Attempt to Integrate Inner Mongolia and Frustration of Bogd's Government in 1912-1913
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This study is to analyze the beginning and the end of Inner Mongolia integration movement of Bogd's government developed after the declaration of independence in 1911. In 1911, the leading members of the declaration of independence set integration of Mongols as a dominant goal of independence from the stage of planning and plotting it. Therefore, for Bogd's government, the most important assignment after the declaration of independence was to integrate the whole Mongolians under the control of the Qing dynasty including Inner Mongolia and to be recognized as an independent country by foreign countries including the Qing dynasty (which later became the Republic of China). To achieve these, by August of 1911, Bogd's government unified the whole area of West Mongolia such as Uliastai and Khovd by force, and then tried to unite the whole Inner Mongolia through various ways like encouraging people to return voluntarily, negotiating with Russia through diplomatic channels, dispatching an army, and so on. As a result, Inner Mongolia integration movement of Bogd's government was failed. This historical event, however, deeply affected the development in the later history of Mongol over the failure itself. With the final and last attempt to integrate by force, the national integration movement of Bogd's government was actually finished, which made Khalkh and Inner Mongolia take their own courses as two different countries. The reason Bogd's government could not succeed in national unification was, of course, objection of the Republic of China and Russia. Bogd's government was too weak to keep Khalkh independent, so it was impossible to unify Inner Mongolia as the two big countries are against it. However, it also is not the accurate judge of the situation at that time to blame only foreign countries for everything about the failure on national integration. There is lack of persuasion and it is hard to agree because this is excluding the role of Mongolians in the history of Mongol. The Mongolians cannot be freed from their responsibility for the failure on national unification though it must be difficult for them to improve their own destiny in the complicated situation that Russia and Japan were struggling and the Republic of China was claiming the suzerainty on them. In regard of this, we need to keep it in mind that Inner Mongolian princes did try not to disconnect the relationship with China. On the contrary, the commons positively supported the independence of Khalkh. This tells us that princes of Inner Mongolia should be blamed for the failure on unification in many aspects. In fact, some of princes refused to join Bogd's government in the first place, while some others finally turned to the side of the Republic of China after all the hesitation of choosing between Bogd's government and China. That is because of the political and economical interests started from the Qing dynasty era. Also, the reluctance against the independence led by Khalkh was the big reason for princes of Inner Mongolia to refuse to unite Bogd's government. In this point of view, so-called 'divide and rule policy'(分而治之) of the Qing Dynasty can be regarded as quite success. Then, the gap in recognition of the opponent that lied between the two would be another reason which cannot be ignored for the failure of Inner Mongolia integration. As a result of this, 'Mongolian nationalism' which could join Mongol together was difficult to rise. In case of Khalkh, they could keep some of the regional integration, while Inner Mongolia couldn't unite internally because it was neighboring inland of China or the Qing Dynasty kept interfering. Actually, that the nationalism couldn't rise up was the reason why the struggle against cultivating the pastures developed in various places of Inner Mongolia around the 20th century couldn't be unified as an integrated force. I think this is the another reason for princes of Inner Mongolia couldn't willingly agree the independence led by Khalkh.
Abstract
This study is to analyze the beginning and the end of Inner Mongolia integration movement of Bogd's government developed after the declaration of independence in 1911. In 1911, the leading members of the declaration of independence set integration of Mongols as a dominant goal of independence from the stage of planning and plotting it. Therefore, for Bogd's government, the most important assignment after the declaration of independence was to integrate the whole Mongolians under the control of the Qing dynasty including Inner Mongolia and to be recognized as an independent country by foreign countries including the Qing dynasty (which later became the Republic of China). To achieve these, by August of 1911, Bogd's government unified the whole area of West Mongolia such as Uliastai and Khovd by force, and then tried to unite the whole Inner Mongolia through various ways like encouraging people to return voluntarily, negotiating with Russia through diplomatic channels, dispatching an army, and so on. As a result, Inner Mongolia integration movement of Bogd's government was failed. This historical event, however, deeply affected the development in the later history of Mongol over the failure itself. With the final and last attempt to integrate by force, the national integration movement of Bogd's government was actually finished, which made Khalkh and Inner Mongolia take their own courses as two different countries. The reason Bogd's government could not succeed in national unification was, of course, objection of the Republic of China and Russia. Bogd's government was too weak to keep Khalkh independent, so it was impossible to unify Inner Mongolia as the two big countries are against it. However, it also is not the accurate judge of the situation at that time to blame only foreign countries for everything about the failure on national integration. There is lack of persuasion and it is hard to agree because this is excluding the role of Mongolians in the history of Mongol. The Mongolians cannot be freed from their responsibility for the failure on national unification though it must be difficult for them to improve their own destiny in the complicated situation that Russia and Japan were struggling and the Republic of China was claiming the suzerainty on them. In regard of this, we need to keep it in mind that Inner Mongolian princes did try not to disconnect the relationship with China. On the contrary, the commons positively supported the independence of Khalkh. This tells us that princes of Inner Mongolia should be blamed for the failure on unification in many aspects. In fact, some of princes refused to join Bogd's government in the first place, while some others finally turned to the side of the Republic of China after all the hesitation of choosing between Bogd's government and China. That is because of the political and economical interests started from the Qing dynasty era. Also, the reluctance against the independence led by Khalkh was the big reason for princes of Inner Mongolia to refuse to unite Bogd's government. In this point of view, so-called 'divide and rule policy'(分而治之) of the Qing Dynasty can be regarded as quite success. Then, the gap in recognition of the opponent that lied between the two would be another reason which cannot be ignored for the failure of Inner Mongolia integration. As a result of this, 'Mongolian nationalism' which could join Mongol together was difficult to rise. In case of Khalkh, they could keep some of the regional integration, while Inner Mongolia couldn't unite internally because it was neighboring inland of China or the Qing Dynasty kept interfering. Actually, that the nationalism couldn't rise up was the reason why the struggle against cultivating the pastures developed in various places of Inner Mongolia around the 20th century couldn't be unified as an integrated force. I think this is the another reason for princes of Inner Mongolia couldn't willingly agree the independence led by Khalkh.
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