韓中 言語接觸의 觀點에서 본 韓國 漢字文
Literary Sinitic in Korea - From the Perspective of Korean-Chinese Language Contact -
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伊藤英人, 2018. 한중 언어접촉의 관점에서 본 한국 한자문, 어문연구, 180 : 27~62 한반도 최초의 變則漢文, 즉 한자문의 예는 中原高句麗碑에서 발견되는데 한자권에 있어서의 최초의 變則漢文의 例이기도 하다. 新羅는 6世紀에 高句麗에서 漢字漢文을 導入하였다. 字吐, 點吐 等을 利用한 釋讀이 新羅에서 開發됨으로써 中國語를 직접 新羅語로 읽을 수 있게 되었는데 이 時期에는 韓國漢字音이 成立된 時期이기도 하였다. 韓國漢字音의 確立은 모든 中國語 語彙를 漢字語라는 借用語로 만들 수 있게 하는 機制이다. 釋讀과 自國語 漢字音 確立, 이 두 機制를 筆者는 對抗中國化라 부른다. 이를 통해 中國語話者化됨이 없이 모든 中國 文獻에 接近할 수 있게 됨으로써 言語的 獨立性이 維持되게 된 것이다. 韓國 漢字文의 特徵을 闡明하기 위한 試圖의 하나로 本稿에서는 朝鮮時代 末期의 公案小說의 吏讀文을 中國語學의 立場에서 分析하였다. 訓民正音 頒布에 의해 民族言語의 全面的 文字化가 可能하게 되었는데도 不拘하고 18世紀 以後 漢文 및 漢字文의 使用이 增大하였을 뿐만 아니라 漢詩를 한글로 적는 例가 存在하게 된다. 韓國 漢文 및 漢字文에 대한 中國語學的 觀點으로부터의 硏究가 必要할 것으로 생각된다.
Abstract
The oldest example of deviant Literary Sinitic in Korea can be found in the inscription of Koguryo stele in Chungju built in the 5th century, which can also be regarded as the first example of deviant literary Sinitic in the Sinographic Cosmopolis. Chinese writing system was introduced to Silla by Koguryo people in early 6th century. Because Chinese characters were learnt from non-native speakers of Chinese, people in Silla lacked the ability of colloquial Chinese even though they had started Chinese characters for administrative purposes at the beginning of the century . A system known as sektok emerged in Silla period, which involved using Chinese text with diacritical marks known as cemtho/catho to allow Korean speakers to restructure and read Chinese sentences, by changing word order and adding particles and verb endings, in accordance with the rules of Korean grammar, a device for reading Classical Chinese texts directly in Korean. Sino-Korean reading system also emerged in Silla period, phonetically recreated readings of the Chinese pronunciation, which allowed all Chinese vocabulary to be rendered as loanwords. These two devices can be regarded as processes of the counter-Sinicization, which prevented Korean from linguistically being Sinicized, since they could access all literature in Chinese without knowledge of colloquial Chinese. Chinese writing system was also used to write Korean, which later referred to as Idu writing system. In order to investigate features of Korean deviant literary Sinitic, examples of deviant Literary Sinitic in a short story written in the 19th century are analyzed from the perspective of the Chinese linguistics. Although Hankul alphabet system was invented in the 15th century, which enabled speakers of the Korean language to write their vernacular perfectly, use of Classical Chinese increased after the 18th century in Korea. After the 18th century, not only Classical Chinese and deviant literary Sinitic were widely used, but also Chinese poems were written in Hankul alphabet. Korean linguistics has long been concentrated on Korean materials. Further studies from the perspective of the Chinese linguistics are needed to investigate the characters of Literary Sinitic in Korea.
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