동아시아 3국 근대 민권운동의 보편성과 특수성

Abstract

This paper analyzed the modern civil right in East Asia three countries(Korea,China, Japan) from the viewpoint of universality and specialty. Here, universality means that there existed the foundation for supporting civil rights and recognition of 'civil rights' was formed. First of all, in relation to base of support, it was confirmed that the local hierarchical base became impetus of civil right movement in all the three countries. The Freedom and People's Right Movement of Japan first started on the basis of the nobility and gradually was expanded into general farming classes including rich farmers. The character of the nobility who participated in civil right movement was twofold and the nobility carried out campaigns for anti-government,but the relation to the government has not completely been denied, which could be accepted from a viewpoint for desiring a strong nation. In case of China, there were the local base named Húnán Province and the hierarchical base named Hyangsin class(the ruling). The figure who took the lead in civil right movement in the early stage is Liang Qi Chao and he believed that the ruling should become the subject in enacting the law. In relation of recognition of civil rights, Hukujawa of Japan maintained that the general populace have a right to protect their life, property and honor against the tyranny of the government. Liang Qi Chao said that civil rights are the basis of the national power, and gave top priority to the nation over the government and the general populace. Also, by linking right to power,he examined a theory of strong right and tried to apply it to home and abroad problems. In respect of Korean civil right movement, its total phase was discovered recently. The most typical group which promoted civil right movement was Ilchinhoe and Daehan Association, and Daehan Association maintained they represents academy and the rich for themselves. Meanwhile, Ilchinhoe was mostly supported by the middle and lower class from non-three southern areas, and expanded its power by meeting their political and economical desire to some extent. However, The Korea Daily News which took the lead in the then current discourse world criticized that Ilchinhoe is no more than a group for betraying its own country imbued with individualism and orientalism. In case of China and Japan, it becomes a problem that there is the tendency toward national right included in a civil right theory and individual free right is in short, but it is not true that the civil right movement completely lost the function able to rectify prejudice as extreme patriotism and to be a link for expanding recognition of individual free right. Meanwhile, Korean civil right movement experiences severance from dual meanings. One is the point that colonization actually is in progress, the incorporation into the inside system stopped at a time, and another is that there could not be any existence meaning in the outside the system under dichotomous discourse of patriotism and betray of the country.