日本語・韓国語・中国語の独話における前置き表現の使用
The Use of Prefatory Expressions in Solo Speech in Japanese, Korean, and Chinese
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초록
日本語・韓国語・中国語の三言語の話し言葉における前置き表現の全体像を把握・比較することを最終的な目標とし、そのための一歩として本研究では、独話に現れる前置き表現の使用にそれぞれどのような特徴があるかを分析した。 YouTubeおよびbilibiliから選定した動画における配信者の発言を文字化し、前置き表現を抽出した。抽出された前置き表現は、文脈調整、情報提示、様態提示、態度表明、内容補足に分類し、さらに、前置き表現の機能や内容に基づいて分類を行い、日本語・韓国語・中国語における機能ごとの前置き表現の共通点と相違点について考察した。 その結果、文脈調整の前置き表現の場合、三言語ともに多様な機能の前置き表現が確認されたものの、機能ごとの使用にはばらつきが見られた。また、日本語では「これから何について話すかを明示する」機能の前置き表現の多用が特徴的だった。情報提示の前置き表現の場合、確認された例が少数にとどまるため、分析に一定の限界があった。様態提示の前置き表現の場合、三言語においての表現のバリエーションや使用場面には若干の違いが見られた。態度表明の前置き表現の場合、日本語では、聞き手への配慮や対立の回避を図る表現が多く見られ、韓国語では、話し手自身の考えや感情を比較的率直に示す表現が中心であった。日本語における内容補足の前置き表現は、話し手が内容をより明確にしたり、正確に伝えたり、あるいは表現を和らげる役割を果たしている。
Abstract
The present study aims to analyze the distinctive features of prefatory expressions appearing in solo speech in Japanese, Korean, and Chinese, as a step toward ultimately grasping and comparing an overall picture of prefatory expressions in the spoken forms of the three languages. The utterances of streamers in videos selected from YouTube and Bilibili were transcribed, and the prefatory expressions were extracted. The extracted prefatory expressions were classified into “Context Adjustment,” “Information Presentation,” “Modal Presentation,” “Attitude Expression,” and “Rephrasing and Elaboration.” Furthermore, based on their discourse functions and content, the prefatory expressions were analyzed to explore the similarities and differences among Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. The results revealed that, in the case of Context Adjustment, while a variety of prefatory expressions were observed across the three languages, their frequency and use varied by function. In Japanese, the frequent use of expressions that explicitly indicate “what will be talked about next” was particularly notable. For Information Presentation, only a small number of examples were identified, which imposed certain limitations on the analysis. In terms of Modal Presentation, slight differences were observed in the variation and usage contexts of expressions across the three languages. Regarding Attitude Expression, Japanese frequently employed expressions aimed at showing consideration for the listener or avoiding conflict, whereas Korean mainly featured expressions that conveyed the speaker’s thoughts and feelings more directly. In Japanese, Rephrasing and Elaboration expressions served functions such as clarifying the content, conveying it more accurately, or softening the expression.