북극해의 항해의 자유: 문제와 쟁점
Freedom of Navigation in the Arctic: Problems and Issues
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‘항해의 자유(freedom of navigation)’는 그로티우스에 의해 시작되었고, 두 차례의 세계대전과 세 차례에 걸친 UN의 해양법 회의를 거쳤다. 오늘날 북극해에서의 ‘항해의 자유’ 문제는 유엔 해양법 협약(UNCLOS)의 존중 및 그 해석과 관련된 국제법적 분쟁의 주제가 되었다. 쟁점은 북서항로와 북방항로의 법적 지위뿐만 아니라 영해 기선을 그리는 방법, 해협을 통과하는 레짐, 제234조(결빙지역)의 해석과 배타적 경제수역 내 항해의 자유(freedom of navigation) 제한에 관한 것이다. 북극권 국가들 중 주로 캐나다, 그리고 좀 덜한 정도로 러시아가 ‘항해의 자유’와 일치하지 않는 것으로 인정될 수 있는 법률을 채택했다. 북극해에서 ‘항해의 자유’ 원칙을 확고히 옹호하는 국가는 미국이다. 다른 북극권 국가인 덴마크, 핀란드, 아이슬란드, 노르웨이 및 스웨덴의 관행과 입장은 유엔 해양법 협약(UNCLOS), 선박으로부터의 오염 방지 국제협약(MARPOL) 및 해상 인명 안전 국제협약(SOLAS)의 조항을 따른다. 북극해 항해 문제에 대한 모든 북극권 국가와 전체 국제 사회의 입장을 통합하는 중요한 단계는 강제적인 폴라 코드(Polar Code)를 채택하는 것이었다. 북극해에서의 항해의 발전 전망과 관련하여 중요한 점은 선박의 항해로 인한 북극 환경의 손상 가능성이 항해의 발전을 중단시킬 수 없다는 것이다. 북극해를 통과하는 해로는 유럽과 아시아 사이의 거리를 크게 단축시키고, 수에즈 운하 또는 파나마 운하를 통한 운송에 비해 항해 시간이 짧아지고, 연료가 절약되고, 온실가스 배출량이 적은 경제적 이점이 명백하다. 또한 아시아 국가, 특히 중국뿐만 아니라 한국, 일본, 인도의 입장에서 북극해 항로의 이용은 경제적, 전략적 지정학적 이유로 중요해졌다는 점이다. 결과적으로 북극해에서 항해의 자유 원칙을 유지하는 것은 북극권 국가들의 문제일 뿐만 아니라 국제 사회 전체의 주요 글로벌 문제가 되었다. 이런 상황에서 북극해에서의 항해의 자유를 유지하고 보장하는 것에 대한 특히 미국과 같은 해양 강국들의 주장과 압력이 증가할 것이며, 항해의 자유를 제한하고자 하는 특히 캐나다와 러시아의 정책과 행동은 점점 더 강력해질 수 있어, 북극해 항로에서의 항해의 자유 쟁점은 논쟁과 갈등의 대상이 될 것이라고 예측할 수 있다.
Abstract
‘Freedom of navigation’ was initiated by Hugo Grotius, and went through two World Wars and three UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea. Today, the issue of ‘freedom of navigation’ in the Arctic Ocean has become the subject of international legal disputes concerning the respect and interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The issues are related to the legal status of the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route, as well as how to draw the territorial sea baseline, the regime to pass through the strait, the interpretation of Article 234 (ice-covered area), and restrictions on freedom of navigation within the exclusive economic zone. Among the Arctic countries, mainly Canada, and to a lesser extent Russia, have adopted laws that could be recognized as inconsistent with “freedom of navigation”. The United States is a firm advocate for the principle of “freedom of navigation” in the Arctic Ocean. The practices and positions of the other Arctic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, follow the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and the International Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). An important step unifying the positions of all Arctic countries and the entire international community on the issue of Arctic navigation was the adoption of a compulsory Polar Code. An important point with respect to the prospects for the development of navigation in the Arctic Ocean is that the potential damage to the Arctic environment caused by the navigation of ships cannot stop the development of navigation. A sea route through the Arctic Ocean significantly shortens the distance between Europe and Asia, and the economic advantages of shorter voyage times, fuel savings and lower greenhouse gas emissions are obvious compared to transportation via the Suez or Panama Canal. In addition, from the perspective of Asian countries, especially China, as well as Korea, Japan, and India, the use of the Arctic Sea route has become important for economic and strategic and geopolitical reasons. As a result, maintaining the principle of freedom of navigation in the Arctic Ocean has become a major global problem not only for Arctic countries but also for the international community as a whole. In this context, there will be increasing assertions and pressures from maritime powers, especially the United States, to maintain and ensure freedom of navigation in the Arctic Ocean, and policies and actions, particularly from Canada and Russia, to restrict freedom of navigation will become increasingly strong. Therefore, it can be predicted that the issue of freedom of navigation in the Arctic Ocean will be the subject of intense debate and conflict.
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