북극해에 대한 국제해양법적 쟁점과 중국의 입법과제－ 북극권 8개 국가를 중심으로 －
The International Law of the Sea Issue about the Arctic Ocean and the China's strategy of the North Pole
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전세계 주요국가가 지구상에 매장되어 있는 천연자원의 확보를 위해 북극해역에 대한 관심이 집중되면서 북극해법률제도를 고찰해야 할 당위성이 제기되고 있다. 또한 북극권 8개 국가간에 전개되고 있는 국제해양법적 쟁점과 관련하여 중국이 취하고 있는 전략과 중국 국내법적 과제는 한국에도 많은 시사를 해줄 것이다. 중국으로서는 개별적으로 북극권국가들과 접촉하여 쌍무협의를 체결하거나 다자간협의에 참가하여 북극항로 이용을 보장받도록 하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 또한 상업용 임차방식을 통해 북극해역에 과학연구기지를 설립하는 것을 고려할 필요가 있다. UN 해양법협약과 관련해서는 현행 협약체제 내에서 문제를 해결하도록 하는 것이 최선이나, 북극의 특성을 고려하여 원래의 제234조의 빙하구역에 대해 확대해석을 해야 한다. 즉 해양법협약의 대륙붕경계선 확정, 해양과학연구, 자원개발탐사의 일반규정을 종합하여 새로운 국제해양법원칙과 규칙 및 북극에 대한 법률문제를 포함하여 조정을 함으로써 최종적으로 UN 해양법협약에 북극규칙체제가 추가된 형태를 갖는 것이 바람직하다. 서북항로 법적 지위의 확정문제에서는 Svalbard 열도모델을 참고하여 캐나다에게 해당항로에 대해 주권보유를 인정하고, 대신 해당항로는 반드시 세계 각국에 개방을 하고 어떠한 제지도 없이 국경을 통과하도록 해야할 필요가 있다. 이와 관련하여 각국은 적극적으로 Svalbard 열도협약과 유사한 서북항로 관련 국제협약을 체결하도록 독려하여야 한다.
Abstract
To achieve and defend these strategic interests, the U.S. government issued official documents, "the United States Arctic Policy Directive", with respect to the Arctic region, respectively in 1983, 1994 and 2009. National Security Presidential Directive–66/ Homeland Security Presidential Directive–25, signed before President Bush left office in 2009, marked the formation the U.S. Arctic strategy. It reveals the following characteristics: security being the core interests; emphasis on limited international cooperation; significant attention to the coordination of resource exploitation and environmental protection; great stress on scientific investigation and communication. The second chapter and third chapter focuses on China’s exploration activities of the Arctic and the Arctic Passage, and the important economic and strategic value of the Arctic Passage. In the five Arctic scientific expeditions, China has got a lot of first-hand information, which laid a good foundation for future scientific investigation. This article will comment on the main controversial issues of the delimitation of outer Continental Shelf in the Arctic seas and discuss the relevant legal factors that will influence the applications for the delimitation of outer Continental Shelf from the Arctic countries, while specially analyzing their different effects. In the second research path, the paper will elaborate the current situation of delimitation of outer Continental Shelf within the Arctic countries and some disputes on it, meanwhile introduce the latest progress of the issue. Out article also will expound China’s principle and position on the relevant problems, pointing out that China should play a constructive role in the dispute of the Arctic outer continental Shelf delimitation. In the end, this matter should be properly resolved through the promotion of effective legal or other political and diplomatic channels, and the legitimate interests of China and the majority of non-Arctic countries on Arctic issues should be safeguarded.
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