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복지국가는 어떻게 행복에 영향을 미치는가? : 자유안정성을 중심으로

Does the welfare state enhance individual’s happiness?

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초록

무엇이 행복을 증진하는지에 대한 기존의 논의들은 주로 개인적 차원의 변수들의 영향을 밝히고 있으며, 이에 대해서는 어느 정도 합의가 이루어져 있다. 하지만, ‘Easterlin의 역설’부터 시작된 국가 차원의 요인이 어떻게 개인의 행복에 영향을 미치는지에 대한 논의는 여전히 논쟁적이다. 경제성장 수준이 행복을 일정 부분 높일 수 있지만, 그 역할이 제한적일 수 있음을 많은 연구들이 실증하고 있기 때문이다. 특히 지속적인 경제성장에도 불구하고, 산업구조 및 기술변화와함께 소득과 고용의 불안정성 증가는 성장 이외에도 복지국가의 역할을 주목하게 한다. 이에 본 연구는 복지국가가 행복에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석을 수행하고자 한다. 기존 연구에서 복지국가의 어떠한 이론적 측면이 영향을 미치는지에 대한 논의가 부재하였다면, 본 연구에서는 복지국가가 가지고 있는 자유안정성에 초점을 두어 검토하고자 한다. 구체적으로는 자유안정성을 높이는 세 가지 측면인 탈상품화, 탈가족화 그리고 역량증진에 대한 사회지출의 효과를 살펴볼 것이다. 이를 위해 세계가치조사(World Value Survey)의 6차 자료와 국가 단위의 지표들과 연결하여 다층모형 로짓분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 자유안정성에 기여하는 탈상품화와 역량에 대한 투자는 행복에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었지만, 탈가족화는 영향력이 나타나지 않았다. 마지막으로 본 논문은 연구 결과에 대한 논의와 함의를 제시하였다.

Abstract

What are the key factors to enhance happiness? Many studies have investigated socio-economicdemographic factors at the individual level and there seems to be a broad consensus on this question. Yet, it is still highly controversial which factors at the national level influence individual’s happiness since the ‘Easterlin’s paradox’ thesis. It is argued that the role of economic growth could be limited beyond its certain level. In particular, since economic insecurity and employment instability have risen in spite of economic growth, scholars question the role of the growth whereas reconsider the role of the welfare state. In this context, this research attempts to investigate the effect of the welfare state on happiness, paying particular attention to the role of the welfare state in strengthening individual’s freecurity, i.e. freedom and security. In doing so, we divide the role of the welfare state into enhancing decommodification, defamilialisation, and individual’s capacity. In order to examine both individual-level and national-level factors, we employ the multi-level analysis using the 6th World Value Survey data with OECD dataset. In the end, we argue that the welfare state generally plays the important role in increasing people’s happiness, apart from defamilialisation. Finally, we discuss the research result and draw some policy implications.

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