읽기 부진 진단 및 보정 체제 연구－ 미국 사례를 중심으로 －
Diagnosis and Remediation of Struggling Readers - The Case of the United States of America -
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최근 학습 부진은 학생 개인의 문제만이 아니라 교육 불평등 해소와 국가 경쟁력 강화를 위해 중요한 문제로 대두되었다. 본 논문은 학습 부진의 주요 원인으로 작용하는 읽기 부진의 진단과 보정 체제에 대한 정책 방안을 모색하기 위해, 관련 연구가 활발한 미국의 읽기 부진 지원 체제를 문헌 연구, 온라인 조사, 이메일 면담을 통해 살펴보았다. 읽기 강화 프로그램과 중재반응모델로 압축되는 미국의 정책은 사후 처방과 교육보다는 읽기 부진의 조기 구제 및 예방에 초점을 두고 국가 차원의 노력을 다각적으로 전개하고 있다. 특히 읽기 교사의 전문성 강화 및 증거기반의 읽기 교육을 강조하고 있으며, 국가 차원의 지원 센터를 통하여 부진 진단 도구와 보정 프로그램을 포함한 다양한 읽기 평가 도구 및 교육 프로그램에 대한 효과성 검증 정보를 제공하고 있다. 이는 교사들이 타당성과 신뢰성이 검증된 다양한 평가 도구를 사용하여 학생들의 읽기 발달과 부진 정도를 지속적으로 점검하고 이에 따른 적극적인 중재를 제공하도록 하기 위함이다. 읽기 강화 프로그램의 효과를 아직 단정하기 어렵고 중재반응모델의 문제점에 대한 제기도 있으나, 이러한 국가 차원의 읽기 부진 예방을 위한 체계적인 지원 체제는 우리나라의 읽기 부진 학생 진단 및 보정 지도와 관련한 정책 방향에 의미 있는 시사점을 제공한다.
Abstract
Recent educational policy holds schools accountable for the basic academic skill achievement of all students, putting increased emphasis on accurate diagnosis and effective remediation of reading problems. This study investigated how reading difficulties are diagnosed and remediated in the United States in order to gain insights into developing assessment tools and remediation programs for Korean struggling readers. Data collection included a review of reading literature and online resources as well as email interviews with reading clinicians. Federal reading policy, as articulated in Reading First and Response to Intervention, has focused on the prevention and early detection of reading difficulties in U.S. The federal government identified five essential components of effective reading instruction, defined the components of a required assessment system, and defined the role of reading coaches for school-level professional development. In order to help reading teachers monitor students' progress and reading difficulties, the federal government has also provided information about a variety of reading assessment tools and instructional tools including diagnostic assessments and remedial programs through the RTI center and What Works Clearinghouse. Based on the review of U.S. reading policy, this study concludes with some suggestions for educational policy making for struggling readers in Korea.
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