19世紀後半における朝鮮をめぐる国際情勢 －「属国」と「自主」の問題をめぐって－

Abstract

This study aims at clarifying the characteristics of transfer to the international order in the modern age in East Asia by reviewing the international situations surrounding Chosun in the second half of 19th century. Especially, it paid attention to the fact that Chosun's modernization had close relationships with issues of 'dependency' and 'independency' on the relationships with China and Japan, as well as issues of our own country with responses to Western powers. Since the mid-19th century, one focus emerging for the transfer of three countries in East Asia to the international relationships in the modern age was the opening of Chosun, which was an alternative to overcome or resist to a crisis of invasion by Western powers, considering the international situations in East Asia at that time. In the middle of such situations, not only new relationships between Korea and Japan were formed, but also the movement to dismantle the order around China in East Asia by Japan appeared. On the other hand, China established a 'dual diplomatic system' to recognize both a dependent relationship and a treaty relationship simultaneously to have more highlights on the dependent relationships with Chosun for its relationships with Chosun. Considering these situations, the transfer of Chosun to the international order in the modern age has strong aspects to be evaluated as a process of its passive incorporation. However, this study attempts to make contributions to studies to find out Chosun's active aspects in the modernization by clarifying the characteristics of international situations surrounding Chosun in the second half of 19th century.