정책도구의 다양성: 도구유형분류의 쟁점과 평가
The Diversity of Policy Tools: Issues and Evaluations of Tool Classifications
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체계적인 정책도구 분류모형은 정책도구의 다양성에 관한 지식축적에 공헌한다. 이 논문은 정책도구의 다양성을 효과적으로 분석할 수 있는 분류체계의 개발을 둘러싼 여러 가지 쟁점에 대한 방향을 제시하고 이러한 방향에 일치하는 새로운 정책도구 분류체계를 예시하였다. 이 논문에서는 우선 사회과학에서 바람직한 연구대상 유형론이 가져야할 조건들로 망라성, 범주간 상호배제성, 단순성, 경험적 적용가능성, 이론적 기여도 등을 제시하였다. 이 조건을 기준으로 기존의 정책도구 분류모형들을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다: (1) 바람직한 도구분류모형은 정부의 의도적인 무행위를 포괄할 수 있어야 한다, (2) 극대화접근 보다는 극소화접근이 우월하다, (3) 정부-시장 이분법과 같은 과도한 극소화접근은 지양되어야 한다, (4) 정부 내부관리도구는 정책도구연구에서 제외하는 것이 실용적이다, (5) 명목적 유형화보다는 연속적 접근을 택하면서 주어진 특성의 상대적 정도에 따라 범주를 제시하는 것이 유용하다, (6) 도구분류 차원은 정책도구의 핵심적 특성에 관한 소수의 차원으로 제한하는 것이 바람직하다. 이러한 결론에 부합하는 예시적 정책도구 분류모형으로 이 논문은 정책도구의 강제성과 직접성을 기준으로 직접규제, 간접규제, 직접유인, 간접유인의 네 가지 범주를 갖는 도구분류모형을 제시하였다. 이 분류모형은 특히 거버넌스이론과의 연계 측면에서 이론적 잠재성이 풍부할 것으로 기대된다.
Abstract
It is essential to develop a systematic classificatory scheme of policy tools in investigating the diversity of policy tools. This article proposes some directions for developing a better typology of policy tools through discussing major issues in conceptualizing the types of policy tools, and illustrates a new way of classifying policy instruments. For this purpose, this article first discusses necessary conditions for a good classificatory scheme in social sciences, including exhaustiveness, mutual exclusiveness, parsimony, empirical workability, and theoretical fruitfulness. Based on these criteria, I evaluate previous models of tool classification and draw some implications such as the need for focusing on a couple of key dimensions in classifying policy instruments. Finally, I illustrates a new scheme of tool classification with two dimensions, coerciveness and directness, and four types, direct regulations, indirect regulations, direct incentives, and indirect incentives, This new classificatory scheme of policy instruments, it is argued, would help us to understand the transformation of governance and to develop a theory of tool choice.
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