행정권력의 신학적 계보학: 푸코의 사목권력에 대한 비판적 검토
A Theological Genealogy of Administrative Power: A Critical Study of Foucault’s Pastoral Power
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미셀 푸코가 생각하는 현대의 행정권력의 가장 중요한 특징은 그것이 개인 하나하나에 대한 통치와 인구 전체에 대한 관리를 결합한 권력이라는 점이다. 푸코는 이와 같은 권력의 계보학적 뿌리는 유대교-기독교 전통에서 발현하는 사목권력에 있다고 말한다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 푸코의 주장을 체계적으로 제시함과 동시에 그것이 지니고 있는 난점을 다른 학자들의 논의를 빌려 비판적으로 고찰한다. 근대적 통치성의 전조로서 사목권력을 보는 것의 이론적 의의를 검토한 후에 도시-시민 게임과 목자-양떼 게임의 관점을 통해 사목권력에 대한 푸코의 주장이 가지는 행정학적 함의를 살펴볼 것이다. 본 연구가 특히 중요하게 생각하는 것은 사목권력에 의해 형성된 고백하는 주체가 현대 행정에서 탈주체화되는 현상이다. 자신의 내면에 진정한 자아가 있고 이에 대한 지식을 고백이나 해석을 통해 얻을 수 있다는 생각은 사람들을 탈주체화시키는 것이고, 종국적으로는 국민 개개인이 윤리적 주체가 되는 것을 가로 막는 것이다. 결국 우리는 사목권력에 대한 푸코의 주장을 검토하면서 행정권력이 개인들을 통치의 객체로서 탈-주체화된 존재로 간주하는 것을 역사적 필연으로 받아들여서는 안 된다는 교훈을 얻게 된다. 달리 말하면, 현재의 행정권력이 현재와 같은 모습을 띠게 된 것은 다른 역사적 가능성을 배제하면서 가능했던 것으로, 이는 지금이라도 우리가 잊혔던 역사에 다시 발언권을 부여하고 또 현재의 한계를 뛰어넘는 새로운 가능성을 탐색하면서 개인들이 자신의 주체를 자기배려의 관점에서 독자적으로 형성하는 것을 도와줄 수 있는 행정을 만들어야 한다는 것이다.
Abstract
One of the significant contributions made by Michel Foucault to public administration is his concept of state power, which no longer relies upon sovereignty as its fundamental model. His conceptualization of modern state power as combining two distinct features, one individualizing and the other totalizing, paves the way to understand modern administrative power in its efforts to normalize individual citizens as well as regulate the population. What makes Foucault’s genealogical analysis of power more interesting and meaningful is, however, his insistence that the rationality, technique, and instruments of modern state power by and large have their roots in Judeo-Christian pastorate. Foucault maintains that in the ancient Near East region the God’s or ruler’s relation with his people had been conceived as the relation between shepherd and flock, and the Christian pastorate took this tradition and developed it into a more institutionally completed form. In this study, I will critically examine Foucault’s argument on the pastoral origin of modern state power, particularly focusing on how pastoral power functioned and its objectives. Foucault said that modern people became confessing animals, largely owing to the effects of pastoral power that became adapted by modern European governments. It means that for modern people, “truth” resides somewhere inside their body or mind, and so their task is to find it and get them to confess in order to get near to their truth. Notwithstanding, Foucault’s astounding scholarship, his argument concerning pastoral power has recently been criticized not only because of its historical inaccuracy, but also because of its overambitious generalization. After considering these critiques and its relevance to the study of public administration, I argue that the model of the city-citizen game and shepherd-flock game, which were suggested but so lightly treated by Foucault, can be a more informative model to think about the legacy of pastoral power in public administration.
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