신자유주의적 통치성의 계보학과 공공성의 문제
The Genealogy of Neoliberal Governmentality and the Problem of Publicness
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본 논문은 통치성과 주체형성 사이의 문제를 계보학적으로 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 서양의 중세시대를 사는 개인들은 목자의 인도를 따라야만 하는 양떼 가운데 한 마리라는 의미로서만 주체가 된다. 영혼의 구원을 위해서 자신의 의지를 포기한 영원한 복종을 통해서 중세의 주체는 형성된다. 국가 합리성이 지배적 통치성이 되는 내치국가에서의 개인들은 군주의 법적 권위에 무조건적인 복종을 해야 하고, 경제적 활동을 포함한 삶의 전반적인 부분에 대해서는 국가기구의 총체적 감시, 감독을 받아야 하는 존재들이다. 따라서 내치국가에서 개인이 주체로 등장한다는 것은 법적인 의미로 왕의 신민이 된다는 것을 의미했다. 자유주의 시대로 진입하면서 개인들은 자신의 이익에 따라 시장에서 자유롭게 거래하는 존재로 자신의 주체를 구성한다. 이들은 자신들의 욕구와 욕망에 따라서만 행동하는 존재들이며, 자신들의 이익을 체념하거나 포기하라는 요청을 어디에서도 받지 않을뿐더러 오히려 그 이익을 최대한으로 추구할 것을 요구 받는다. 신자유주의가 지배적 통치성이 되는 20세기 후반부터 개인들은 단순한 시장 행위자를 넘어서서 자기 자신을 자본으로 가지고 있으면서 삶의 거의 전 영역에 걸쳐서 경쟁을 해야만 하는 주체로 재구성된다. 여기서 본 논문은 Wendy Brown의 작업을 비판적으로 고찰하면서 신자유주의가 공공성을 형해화시킨다는 주장에 반론을 제기할 것이다. 이 때 중요한 개념은 Foucault가 말하는 비판이다. Foucault는 비판이라는 개념을 사용하여 당연해 보이는 현재를 낯설고 불안정한 것으로 만들고, 현재가 지금과 같지 않을 수 있을 가능성을 보여주었다.
Abstract
This study attempts to trace the genealogical relation between governmentality and the formation of the subject. In the middle ages, individuals became the subject mainly through their incessant obligations to pastoral power for the purpose of their salvations. Within the Polizei states of the 18th century that functioned on the logic of reason of state, it was possible for individuals to become the subject only under the thorough supervision by legal sovereignties. Entering the liberal ages of the 18th century, individuals were for the first time acknowledged as having their own intangible desires and interests, thereby having a capacity of acting independently at the market place. Under the reign of neoliberalism of the late 20th century, however, individuals have been required or even forced to be the entrepreneur of themselves. As a neoliberal subject, every person should transform his/her acquired and achieved capacities into capital to be reinvested for further valorization. Accordingly, the division between private and public has become meaningless in the neoliberal governmentality, as almost everything that was for a long time conceived as belonging to the common or public sphere has been privatized and financialized. Against such a trend as the usurpation of the public by the private under neoliberalism, it is necessary to reconsider the concepts of critique or critical ethos espoused by Michel Foucault, primarily because those concepts provide us with the possibility of thinking and acting beyond the limit laid down by neoliberal governmentality.
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