Navigating the Determinants of Brazil’s South-South Cooperation toward Africa under Lula (2003-2010) through the Brecher Model
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With the rise of Lula to power in 2003, the African continent, which had historically been overlooked, gained significant attention in Brazilian foreign policy. In his inaugural speech, Lula expressed Brazil’s commitment to strengthening its connections with African nations, emphasizing the potential for development on the continent. Lula’s determination went beyond mere words, leading to an unprecedented expansion of relations between Brazil and Africa in areas such as trade, politics, culture, and developmental aid, all in line with the South-South foreign policy approach. What factors contributed to the heightened activism of Brazil in Africa? In simpler terms, what were the main determinants that influenced the formation of Brazil’s South-South cooperation policy towards Africa? The existing literature on Brazil’s Africa policy lacks a clear exploration of specific factors that influence policy formulation and implementation. Most studies addressing Brazil’s Africa policy have taken a structural perspective, relying on actor-general theories such as realism, which view the state as a rational and unified actor. However, understanding the determinants of foreign policy necessitates actor-specific perspectives that focus on the individual agent. Considering the significant role played by Lula’s strong presidential activism in African affairs, this research aims to examine the specific factors based on the Brecher Model that directly or indirectly influenced the formation of Brazil’s Africa policy.
Abstract
With the rise of Lula to power in 2003, the African continent, which had historically been overlooked, gained significant attention in Brazilian foreign policy. In his inaugural speech, Lula expressed Brazil’s commitment to strengthening its connections with African nations, emphasizing the potential for development on the continent. Lula’s determination went beyond mere words, leading to an unprecedented expansion of relations between Brazil and Africa in areas such as trade, politics, culture, and developmental aid, all in line with the South-South foreign policy approach. What factors contributed to the heightened activism of Brazil in Africa? In simpler terms, what were the main determinants that influenced the formation of Brazil’s South-South cooperation policy towards Africa? The existing literature on Brazil’s Africa policy lacks a clear exploration of specific factors that influence policy formulation and implementation. Most studies addressing Brazil’s Africa policy have taken a structural perspective, relying on actor-general theories such as realism, which view the state as a rational and unified actor. However, understanding the determinants of foreign policy necessitates actor-specific perspectives that focus on the individual agent. Considering the significant role played by Lula’s strong presidential activism in African affairs, this research aims to examine the specific factors based on the Brecher Model that directly or indirectly influenced the formation of Brazil’s Africa policy.
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