Venezuela’s South-South Cooperation at the regional level during Hugo Chavez’s Government
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During the first and part of the second decade of the 21st century, Venezuela was an active promotor of South-South Cooperation in Latin America, primarily through ALBA-TCP, PetroCaribe, UNASUR, and CELAC. Each of these organizations was linked to an identity and a form of relationship to promote Venezuela’s interests. ALBA-TCP and PetroCaribe were Venezuela’s main organizations for promoting regional cooperation since it was the principal member and the country with more economic and political strength among the participants. Venezuela was also an active member of UNASUR and CELAC. The country used these organizations to achieve integration, decrease the U.S. influence in the region, and promote a multipolar world. This paper assesses the scope and perceptions of Venezuela’s cooperation by analyzing ALBA-TCP, PetroCaribe, UNASUR, and CELAC as a part of a comprehensive foreign policy. The findings are the result of descriptive and explicative research with documentary and fieldwork design. The outcomes show that the cooperation established through these initiatives generated tangible benefits in the member states, generating a positive perception in partner countries. However, in countries that prioritized their relationship with the U.S. and were not aligned with the model promoted by left-oriented leaders, Venezuela’s cooperation had a negative perception.
Abstract
During the first and part of the second decade of the 21st century, Venezuela was an active promotor of South-South Cooperation in Latin America, primarily through ALBA-TCP, PetroCaribe, UNASUR, and CELAC. Each of these organizations was linked to an identity and a form of relationship to promote Venezuela’s interests. ALBA-TCP and PetroCaribe were Venezuela’s main organizations for promoting regional cooperation since it was the principal member and the country with more economic and political strength among the participants. Venezuela was also an active member of UNASUR and CELAC. The country used these organizations to achieve integration, decrease the U.S. influence in the region, and promote a multipolar world. This paper assesses the scope and perceptions of Venezuela’s cooperation by analyzing ALBA-TCP, PetroCaribe, UNASUR, and CELAC as a part of a comprehensive foreign policy. The findings are the result of descriptive and explicative research with documentary and fieldwork design. The outcomes show that the cooperation established through these initiatives generated tangible benefits in the member states, generating a positive perception in partner countries. However, in countries that prioritized their relationship with the U.S. and were not aligned with the model promoted by left-oriented leaders, Venezuela’s cooperation had a negative perception.
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