청일전쟁 전황(戰況)과 ‘조선의 독립’ 문제에 대한 열강의 정책
Surrounding Great Power’s Policies on the ‘Independent issue of Corea' with Relation to the Sino-Japanese War
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참고문헌
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초록
‘조선의 독립’문제에 대한 청일 교전국과 열강의 정책은 한반도 및 중국 본토에서의 전황에 따라 연동하였다. 승전을 거듭한 일본은 청의 대한(對韓) 종주권 포기, 나아가 ‘조선의 독립’을 목표했으므로 열강의 어떤 중재안도 받아들이지 않았다. 이와 달리 청국은 전쟁기 내내 ‘대한 종주권’과 ‘조선의 독립’에 대한 모호한 태도로 일관하며, 열강의 중재에 기대어 한반도가 전적으로 일본의 수중에 들어가는 것을 막고자 했다. 영국, 러시아, 미국은 ‘조선의 독립’을 담보로 각기 자국의 이해득실을 계산하느라 <공동 개입> 및 중재에 실패하였다. 미국은 만주시장에서 지배적인 위치를 차지하기 위해 일본과의 연대에 의존한 ‘조선의 독립과 주권 존중’을 표방했으며, 영·러와의 경쟁을 의식하여 영국의 <공동 개입>제의에 가담하지 않았다. 영국이 일본 편에서 불개입을, 러시아가 청국 편에서 불개입을 유지한 것은, 영·러 두 나라가 서로 상대측이 개입하거나 전쟁을 계기로 세력 확장을 꾀할지 모른다고 우려한 때문이었다. 러시아는 시베리아철도가 완공되기 이전에 동아시아에서의 어떤 분규도 피하고, 영국의 개입을 의식하면서도 일본의 한반도 장악을 막기 위해 청국 편에 서서 중재했다. ‘불개입’정책으로 평가되는 영국의 중재 제의와 실패는 ‘조선의 독립’을 한층 위협했다. 킴벌리외상의 열강에 의한 <공동 개입>안은 러시아의 한반도 독점을 방지하고, ‘무장 개입’을 피하기 위한 방편으로서의 중립과 ‘불개입’이었다. 청일 양군의 <한반도 공동 점령> 및 <보호령>안은 러시아를 견제하려는 큰 틀에서 나온 것이지만, 결과적으로 영·일 ‘불평등’조약 개정과 함께 일본의 개전에 대한 가이드라인을 제시해준 것이었다. 청일전쟁이 중국 본토로 전선이 확산된 10월 초 이래 제기된 <열강이 보장하는 조선의 독립>안은 청국, 일본, 러시아의 한반도 독점을 모두 배제하기 위한 것이었다.
Abstract
The study focuses on the 'independent issue of Corea and the international relations under the situations of the Sino-Japanese War. During the War, 'the independence of Corea', regardless of sovereignty and territorial integrity as an independent nation, was under the restrictions of the structure of strategic interest for the Great Powers including Japan and China. Japan's exclusive ambition over the Korean Peninsula, which pretended to be 'independence of Corea', consistently revealed during the war period. China, on the other hand, wanted to prevent the Korean Peninsula from the falling into the hands of the Japanese as a whole, leaning on the intervention of the Powers. The ambiguous attitudes of China between 'independence of Corea' and suzerainty were one of the major factors in prolonging the war and delaying the peace negotiations. Of the Powers with concerns in East Asia, the United States hoped to use Japan to terminate China's suzerainty over Corea, open the door to Chinese trade and investment and weaken the influence of Britain and Russia in East Asia. Britain and Russia also checked each other because the partner country might try to expand its power alone in the Korean Peninsula. British Lord Kimberley's 'common intervention' by the powers was a way to prevent Russian monopoly on the Korean Peninsula, and to avoid 'armed intervention'. His proposals of 'joint occupation of Corea' and 'separate Protection' by China and Japan came from a large frame to control Russia, but as a result, it became a guideline to Japan to open the war. Since the beginning of October in 1894, when the war spread to mainland China, Kimberley's proposal, ‘independence of Corea guaranteed by the Powers’, was intended to exclude any power's monopolies on the Korean peninsula including victorious Japan. Russia also hoped to prevent the subjugation of Corea by any power and adopt a wait-and-see policy at least until the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway. But as soon as Japan's crucial victory threatened the 'independence of Corea and of China', Russia will be involved actively the issue through the Triple Intervention in April 1895.
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