제1차 세계대전과 러시아 여성의 군사적 참여: 개별 여성군인과 제1 러시아 여성 결사대대의 사례
Russian Women Partaking in the Military field during World War I: Individual Women Soldiers and the First Women’s Battalion of Death
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본고는 제1차 세계대전 기간 동안 러시아에서 여성이 어떻게 활용되었는지를 군사 분야를 중심으로 살펴본다. 총력전의 시대가 열리면서 모든 교전국에서 여성의 전쟁수행노력 참여가 불가피했다. 그러나 러시아의 여성 활용은 산업분야에 한정되지 않았는데 이미 전쟁 초기부터 수많은 개별 여성이 전선을 향했기 때문이다. 그럼에도 여성의 군사 참여는 1917년 2월에 일어난 러시아 혁명으로 한 차례 거대한 변화를 경험한다. 전제정부를 대신해 전쟁을 수행하게 된 임시정부는 불안한 정치 입지에서도 대규모 공세를 준비했으며 이 과정에서 최초의 여성전투부대를 편성했다. 개별 여성군인 중 가장 이름을 날린 마리야 보치카료바를 중심으로 결성된 제1러시아 여성 결사대대는 1917년 봄부터 여름 사이에 편성된 수많은 혁명대대 중 하나였지만, 특히 여성으로만 이루어졌기 때문에 ‘남성을 수치스럽게 만든다’는 프로파간다 임무를 맡았다. 6월 초 벨라루스 동북쪽에 투입된 여성 결사대대는 훌륭히 전투를 수행했으나 가장 중요한 프로파간다 임무에서 실패했다. 여성부대를 비롯한 혁명대대를 통해 사기를 끌어올리기에 이미 러시아 군대는 회복 불가능할 정도로 붕괴되고 있었기 때문이다. 결국 임시정부를 끝장낸 10월 혁명으로 여성 대대 역시 해산될 터였다. 그러나 러시아 여성의 군사 경험은 여기서 끝나지 않았다. 최초의 여성전투부대는 총력전을 준비하지 못한 임시정부의 임기응변 수단이었을지라도 이후 소련의 군사상 여성 활용에 관해 긍정적이든 부정적이든 시사점을 제공했다.
Abstract
This article focuses on Russian women soldiers during World War I in terms of total war and the Russian February Revolution. The War took on a new aspect in 1914 as a result of two paradigm shifts: the emergence of the modern state and technological development. All the belligerent suffered setbacks stemming from this new conflict. For Russia, one of hardships was the deficiency of workers, many of whom had been drafted into the army. Inevitably, an increasing number of Russian women were employed in various sectors of industry. The expanding role of Russian women was not limited to industry, however. The participation of individual women in the military had already increased under the conditions of total war, but the military activity of Russian women entered a new phase after the February Revolution. Though the first all-female combat unit was established under the propaganda slogans of liberation and equality, it is more appropriate to locate its origins in the situation faced by the Provisional Government and the Russian army. The First Russian Women’s Battalion of Death was one of several measures that the Provisional Government took to carry out the June Offensive, which it hoped would reverse its military and political losses. The world saw the first female combat unit on May of 1917. In addition to its combat role, the battalion had the propagandistic mission of shaming male soldiers who were refusing to perform their duty. Though women soldiers seemed like a cost-effective way to wage war, all the battalion’s efforts were in vain when it confronted with reluctant mass soldiers. The military leadership of the Provisional Government cast doubt on the value of all-female combat units. Thus, the women’s battalion was destined to be disband even before Red October whether it would have proved women could be useful in combat.
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