공화정기 로마군 공성전의 시기별 특징
The Characteristics of siege warfare by the time period of the Roman Republic
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 공화정기에 로마가 치른 총 167개의 공성전에서 포위망 전술과 직접적인 공격의 빈도를 파악하고자 했다. 기원전 6-5세기 총 13개의 공성전 중 포위전만 한 것은 없었다. 포위망을 구축하여 공격전을 한 전투가 5개 전투, 곧바로 공격전에 돌입한 전투가 5개 전투로서 공격전을 한 것은 10개(76.9%) 전투에 달한다. 기원전 4세기에 벌어진 공성전은 총 17개였다. 이 중 포위망을 건설한 것은 2개 전투뿐이었다. 이것도 포위망을 구축한 후 공격전에 돌입했다. 포위전만 한 전투는 한 건도 없었다. 기원전 3세기에 파성퇴, 비틀림 포가 사용되었다. 총 36개 중 포위망 전술만 구사한 전투는 4개(11.1%) 전투였다. 포위망을 구축한 후 공격한 것과 곧바로 공격전으로 들어간 전투를 모두 합치면 그 수는 25개(69.4%) 전투에 달한다. 기원전 2세기에는 총 43개의 공성전이 있었다. 이 중 포위망 전술을 구사한 전투는 14개 전투였다. 이를 다시 포위망만 formed구축한 전투는 2개(4.7%) 전투뿐이었다. 포위망을 구축한 후 공격한 것과 곧바로 공격전으로 들어간 전투를 모두 합치면 그 수는 30개(69.8%) 전투에 달한다. 기원전 1세기의 공성전에서 눈에 띄는 것은 포위망을 구축한 사례가 총 58개의 공성전 중 31개(53.5%) 전투에 달한다는 것이다. 이 중 포위망만 구축한 것은 19개(32.8%) 전투였다. 포위망을 구축한 후 공격전을 펼친 것은 12개(20.7%) 전투였다. 포위망을 구축한 후 공격전을 펼친 것과 곧바로 공격전에 들어간 것은 34개(58.6%) 전투에 달한다. 기원전 6-1세기까지 로마군이 공성전을 치른 총 167개의 전투를 분석한 결과 로마군은 지속해서 공격적인 전술을 선호했다. 기원전 3세기 이후 공성 장비들이 발달하면서 더욱 적극적인 공성전을 펼쳤다. 기원전 1세기에 포위전이 늘었지만, 전체적인 비율은 공격전이 더 많았다. 따라서 누만티아, 알레시아, 페루시아 전투에서 많은 병력을 동원하여 포위망을 건설한 정교함이나 포위 기간을 볼 때 포위망을 구축하는 기술이 발전했지만, 포위망이 로마군 공성전의 전형적인 전술이라고 볼 수 없다.
Abstract
This study attempts to study the frequency of siege tactics and direct attacks in a total of 167 battles carried out by Roman army during the Republican period. Of the 13 battles in the 6th-5th centuries BC, none of the encirclement battles were conducted alone. Out of 10 battles, 5 battles were conducted by encirclement, the rest ones, 5 battles were in the form of direct attack immediately. There were a total of 17 battles that took place in the 4th century BC. Only 2 battles of them had built an encircling net. After establishing a siege, After establishing a siege network, it also entered the offensive battle. There was not a single battle that was just an encircling battle. Out of a total of 36 battles in the 3rd century BC, 8 battles used the encircling tactics. In the 2nd century BC, there were a total of 43 battles. Among them, 14 battles were carried out using the encircling tactics. There were only 2(4.7%) battles that built the encircling net. What stands out in siege wars of the 1st century BC is that the number of cases in which the siege network was established was 31(53.5%) out of 58 battles. Of these, 19(32.8%) battles formed only an encircling net, and 12(20.7%) battles attacked after establishing the siege network. Overall, however, aggressive tactics remained the same. After establishing the siege, the attack battles and the immediate attack battles amounted to 34(58.6%) battles. What is notable in the siege of the 1st century BC is that 31(53.5%) battles of the 58 battles were launched. Among them, 19(32.8%) battles were made a formation just for the encircling net, and 12(20.7%) battles were engaged in offensive battles after establishing siege networks. After establishing the siege network, 34(58.6%) battles were immediately launched. Analyzing a total of 167 battles fought by the Romans until the 6th-1st century BC, the Romans continued to favor aggressive tactics. Since the 3rd century BC, as siege equipment developed, more active siege wars were carried out. Siege warfare increased in the first century BC, but the overall rate was more offensive warfare. Therefore, in the battles of Numantia, Alesia, and Perusia, the sophistication of constructing the siege network by mobilizing a large number of troops and the technique of constructing the encircling net were advanced, but the encircling tactics was not a typical tactics of the Roman army.
참고문헌 (33)
- Appianus, "Bellum Civile", ~
- Appianus, "Hispanica"
- Appianus, "Punica", ~
- Caesar, "Bellum Gallicum", ~
- Cicero, "Ad Familiares", ~
- Dio, "Historia Romana", ~
- Diodorus Siculus, "Bibliotheca Historica", ~
- Dionysius of Halicarnassus, "Antiquitates Romanae", ~
- Frontinus, "Stratagems", ~
- Josephus, "Bellum Judaicum", ~
- Livius, "Ab Urbe Condita", ~
- Plutarchos, "Camillus", ~
- Polybius, "Historiae", ~
- Sallustius, "Bellum Jugurthinum", ~
- Zonaras, "Epitome Historiarum", ~
- Brice, L, "Warfare in the Roman Republic: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium" (2014), ABC-CLIO
- Campbell, B, "Siege Warfare in the Roman World 146 BC-AD 378" (2005), Osprey Publishing
- Connolly, P, "Greece and Rome at War" (1981), Macdonald
- Davies, G, "Roman Siege Works" (2006), Tempus
- Dyck, L, "The Roman Barbarian Wars: The Era of Roman Conquest" (2016), Pen & Sword Books
- Feugere, M, "Weapons of the Romans" (2002), Tempus
- Goldsworthy, A, "Roman Warfare" (2019), Basic Books
- Goldsworthy, A, "The Complete Roman Army" (2003), Thames & Hudson Ltd
- Gurstelle, W, "The Art of the Catapult: Build Greek Ballistae, Roman Onagers, English Trebuchets, and More Ancient Artillery" (2004), Chicago Review Press
- Kromayer, J., "Heerwesen und Kriegführung der Griechen und Römer" (1928), C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
- Levithan, J, "Roman Siege Warfare" (2013), The University Michigan Press
- Mackay, C. S., "Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- Nossov, K, "Ancient and medieval siege weapons : a fully illustrated guide to siege weapons and tactics" (2005), The Lyons Press
- Penrose, J, "Rome and her Enemies" (2008), Osprey Publishing
- Phang, S. E., "Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate" (2008), Cambridge University Press
- Roth, J. P., "Logistics of the Roman Army at War(264 B.C. -A.D. 235)" (1999), Brill
- Southern, P., "The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History" (2006), Oxford University Press
- Webster, G., "The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D." (1998), University of Oklahoma Press