시진핑 정권의 군민융합 발전 전략과 미중 첨단 군사기술 패권 경쟁
Miltary-Civil Fusion Development Strategy under Xi-Jinping Regime and U.S.-China Rivalry for the Cutting-edge Military-Technology Hegemony
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초록
본 연구는 미국이 ‘군민융합’과 연관된 중국의 군 관련 기업을 제재하는 것에서 시작하여첨단 기술의 수출 통제 및 투자 제한의 확대가 이루어지는 미중 간의 갈등을 연구의 대상으로한다. 군민융합은 중국의 국방력 강화와 첨단 군사기술을 확보하기 위한 전략에서 비롯되었다. 군민융합은 신중국의 발전 과정에서 경제와 안보 측면에서 군과 민의 유기적 결합이라는전통 속에서 발양된 것이다. 군민융합은 시진핑 정권의 총체적인 국가발전전략으로 자리매김되었다. 군민융합은 중국의 군, 산업, 학계, 연구 기관, 기업 등의 긴밀한 네트워크를 통해 경제와 안보에서 첨단 군사 과학 기술의 확보 및 이를 실용화하는 정책으로 구체화된다. 중국의 전반적인 발전에 위기감을 느낀 미국은 트럼프 행정부 시기 중국의 ‘군민융합’ 발전을 겨냥하여 중국군과 관련이 있는 중국 기업에 대하여 안보상의 이유로 본격적인 제재를 시작하였다. 미국은 바이든 행정부 시기 인플레이션 감축법(IRA)과 반도체와 과학법(Chips and Science Act)를 통해 첨단 과학 기술과 글로벌 공급망에서 중국을 배제하기 위한 외교적 노력을 강화하고 있다. 미국은 중국과 군사적 충돌은 피하면서 선의의 경쟁을 하겠다고 주장하면서 중국의 첨단 과학기술 획득에 대한 봉쇄를 본격화하고 있다. 미국의 제재 정세 속에서 중국 역시 반외국제재법, 반간첩법을 통해 보복성 조치를 취하고있다. 중국은 미국의 일방주의적이고 자국 우선적인 행태가 글로벌 공급망과 상호의존적인 다자주의적 국제질서를 어지럽히고 있다고 주장하고 있다. 중국은 미국의 기업 제재 및 기술 봉쇄에 대응하여 첨단 과학기술 자립 정책을 강화하고 있다. 무역과 경제 부문에서의 갈등이 안보, 군사 영역과 혼재되어 미중 간의 첨단 군사 기술을 향한 패권 경쟁은 한층 치열해 질 것으로 전망된다.
Abstract
The subject of this study is the conflict between the US and China, which began with the US imposing sanctions on Chinese military-related companies involved in ‘military-civil fusion’ and led to the expansion of export controls and investment restrictions on cutting-edge technology. China's military-civil fusion came from a strategy to strengthen China's national defense capabilities and secure advanced military technology. The military-civil fusion was developed in the tradition of organic combination of the military and civilians in terms of economy and security during the development of New China. The military-civil fusion has become a comprehensive national development strategy of the Xi Jinping regime. The military-civil fusion is embodied in the policy of securing and commercializing cutting-edge military science and technology in the economy and security through a close network of China's military, industry, academia, and research institutions, corporations. Feeling a sense of crisis over China's overall development, the Trump administration began to impose full-fledged sanctions on Chinese companies related to the Chinese military for security reasons, aiming at China's 'military-civil fusion' development. The United States is strengthening diplomatic efforts to exclude China from advanced science and technology and global supply chains through the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the Chips and Science Act during the Biden administration. While insisting on competing in good faith while avoiding military clashes with China, US is stepping up its blockade of China's acquisition of cutting-edge science and technology. Amid the US sanctions situation, China is also taking retaliatory measures through the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Act and the Anti-Espionage Act. China argues that the U.S. unilateral and self-first behavior is disrupting the global supply chain and the interdependent multilateral international order. China is strengthening its policy of self-reliance in cutting-edge science and technology in response to US corporate sanctions and technology blockade. As conflicts in the trade and economic sectors are mixed with the security and military sectors, the competition for hegemony between the United States and China over cutting-edge military technology is expected to intensify.
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