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한국 자동차산업 산업내무역의 특성 및 결정요인 분석 : 품질차이, FDI 및 무역불균형을 중심으로

Main Features and Determinants of Intra-industry Trade in Korea’s Auto Industry : Focusing on Quality Difference, FDI and Trade Imbalance

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주제분류무역학

초록

생산자원 부존비율이 유사한 국가 간 동일산업 내에서 재화의 수출·입이 이루어지는 산업내무역은 전통적 비교우위론으로는 설명되기 어렵다. 산업내무역 확산에 따라 그에 관한 다수의 이론·실증연구가 이루어져 왔으며, 1980년대 후반에는 재화의 특성에 따라 수직적·수평적 산업내무역의 구분 필요성도 제기되었다. 이러한 가운데 일련의 국내 선행연구는 한국 자동차산업의 산업내무역을 분석한 바 있으나, 대표적 내구성 소비재산업인 자동차산업의 산업내무역이 수직적 산업내무역으로 구체화될 수 있다는 이론적 예측을 확인하기 위한 시도는 이루어지지 않았다. 이러한 사실에 유념하여, 본고는 1991년~2012년 간 한국과 OECD 회원국 간 자동차산업(완성차 및 자동차 부품 부문)의 수직적 산업내무역 특성 및 결정요인을 중력모형에 기초하여 분석하였다. 수직적 산업내무역의 결정요인으로는 한국과 무역상대국의 경제규모, 1인당 GNI 차이 및 국가 간 거리 등 국가특성변수와 FDI, 품질차이 및 무역불균형 비중 등 산업특성변수를 동시에 고려하였다. 선행연구 대비, 본고의 실증분석 방법은 특히 다음과 같은 점에서 차별화된다. 첫째, IIT지수(Grubel-Lloyd Index)의 구분을 통해 한국 자동차산업의 산업내무역에서 수직적 산업내무역이 차지하는 비중과 그 무역패턴을 규명하였다. 둘째, IIT지수의 하향편의를 유발하는 무역불균형의 비중을 구체적으로 확인하였다. 셋째, 수직적 산업내무역의 결정요인 분석과정에서 IIT 지수의 하향편의 통제변수인 무역불균형과 함께 산업특성변수인 품질차이 및 FDI를 설명변수로 도입하였다. 본고의 분석결과는 대 OECD 한국 자동차산업의 산업내무역이 낮은 품질 제품을 수출하고 높은 품질 제품을 수입하는 수직적 산업내무역으로 대표됨을 보여준다. 또한 수직적 차별화 제품군에서 매우 높은 수준의 무역불균형과 그에 따른 IIT지수의 하향편의도 확인할 수 있었다. 국가특성변수 중에는 경제규모 및 국가 간 거리가, 산업특성변수 중에는 무역불균형이 이론적 예측과 매우 유의하게 부합하는 결정요인으로 파악되었다. 산업특성변수인 품질차이는 매우 유의한 결정요인으로 판명되었으나, 자동차 부품 부문에서는 이론적 예측과 달리 수직적 산업내무역과 부(-)의 관계를 보였다.

Abstract

Conventional theory of comparative advantage hardly explains intra-industry trade which is defined as simultaneous exports and imports of products within the same industry between countries with similar production factor abundance. Proliferation of intra-industry trade has been followed by tons of theoretical and empirical research on it. In the late 1980’s, arguments was raised that intra-industry trade be decomposed into vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade on the basis of product characteristics. While some previous domestic researches analyzed intra-industry trade in Korea’s auto sector, they failed to identify that intra-industry trade in Korea’s auto sector may be materialized by vertical. This is a theoretical prediction, because auto industry is typical durable consumer product industry. With the motivation, this article is to analyze the characteristics and determinants of vertical intra-industry trade in auto sector between Korea and OECD member countries during 1991~2012, using gravity model. Empirical analysis employs not only country-specific variables such as average economic scale, per capita GNI gap and geographic distance between trading partners, but also industry-specific variables such as FDI, product quality difference and trade imbalance ratio. Empirical approach of this paper is in contrast with the previous research, particularly in the following aspects. By decomposing IIT index(Grubel-Lloyd index), it seeks to examine the vertical intra-industry factor and its trade pattern in Korea’s intra-industry trade in auto sector. Level of trade imbalance is another concern to check, since it is associated with downward bias of IIT index. Along with due adjustment of downward bias from trade imbalance, product quality difference and FDI are also reflected as explanatory variables in estimating determinants of vertical intra-industry trade. First of all, research output confirms that Korea’s intra-industry trade vis-a-vis OECD is represented by vertical one, where Korea exports low quality products and imports high quality. Another important finding is significant level of trade imbalance in vertically differentiated product category and downward bias of IIT index, accordingly. Among explanatory variables, economic size, geographic distance and trade imbalance turn out best significant fits in interpreting vertical intra-industry trade. Product quality difference proves to be highly significant variable, but unexpectedly negative relationship with vertical intra-industry trade in auto parts sector.

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