미국의 국가 대전략 (the Grand Strategy)과 유라시아 (Eurasia): 대중앙아시아 (GCA: The Greater Central Asia) 중심
U. S. National Grand Stgrategy and Eurasia: Focused upon the Greater Central Asia
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초록
20세기 초 맥킨더는 유라시아 지역을 세계의 섬 (the islands of the world), 지정학적요충지 (pivot)라 칭하면서 이 지역을 장악하는 자가 세계를 지배할 것이라고 예측했다. 냉전 직후 미국은 지정학적 이익, 에너지 자원 확보, 장기적으로는 정치, 경제 민주화를 목적으로 대중앙아시아 (GCA: the Greater Central Asia) 지역에 대한 개입 정책을 추진했으나 최소개입에 머물렀다. 그러나 9.11 사태 이후 미국은 아프간 전쟁을 시작으로 포괄적 개입정책을 구사하면서 GCA 문제는 현재 미국 대외정책의 가장 핵심 사항중 하나로 부상했다. 본 논고는 미국의 국가대전략 차원에서 GCA 지역이 갖는 의미를 살펴본다. 우선 냉전 이후 미국 국가대전략에 기저가 된 전략적 사고에 대해 살펴 본 후 GCA 정책에 어떻게 투영되었는지를 분석한다. 또한 이슬람권에 대한 패권전략을 구사한 부시정부와 아프니스탄과 GCA 지역 안정을 추구하면서 미국의 이익를 중장기적으로 확보하려는 오바마 정부의 정책를 비교 분석한 후 향후 미국의 정책 방향에 대해 예측해 본다.
Abstract
In the early 20th Century, Harold Mackinder referred to Eurasia as “the islands of the world” and a “geopolitical pivot.” He emphasized that a country which controls this region would rule the world. After the end of the Cold War, the United States tried to enhance its geopolitical position, acquire energy resources, and in the long run, promote political and economic freedom in the Greater Central Asia (GCA); however, its policy remained a minimalist engagement. The Afghan War enlarged U.S. involvement in the GCA and since then, it has taken a comprehensive engagement approach toward the region. This paper analyzes the significance of GCA in light of U.S. world strategy. First, it analyzes how the three post-Cold War strategic ideas of realism, neoconservatism, and liberal internationalism have been reflected in U.S. policy toward the region. Second, it compares Bush’s hegemonic war aimed at liberalizing the Middle East to Obama’s comprehensive engagement. Lastly, it suggests the potential direction of U.S. foreign policy in the future.
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