방향성을 상실한 이집트 시민사회: 키파야 운동과 무슬림형제단 사례로 살펴본 시민사회 발전과 한계
Egyptian Civil Society in Disarray: Analysis of Development and Constraints of Civil Society through Case Studies of the Kefaya Movement and the Muslim Brotherhood
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그동안 중동 지역의 민주와 발전의 지체 원인과 관련하여 중동 정치에 대한 열띤 학계의 논의가 있어왔다. 많은 아시아 국가들이 1980년대 90년대 민주주의로의 정치적 전환에 성공했음에도 불구하고 중동 국가들은 이러한 민주화 흐름에서 예외였다. 그 결과 학자들은 중동 국가들에서 민주주의가 확산되지 못하는 원인을 중동의 특수한 환경 혹은 특징에서 기인한다고 보면서 아랍 혹은 이슬람 예외주의라는 개념을 소개하였다. 한편, 많은 국가들이 시민사회를 통한 민주주의 전환에 성공하면서 학자들은 정치적 변화의 동력으로써 시민사회의 역할을 연구하기 시작하였다. 하지만 중동의 시민사회 연구는 학자들로부터 많은 관심을 받지 못했다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 정치적 변화에 있어서 중동의 시민사회의 역할을 살펴 보고자 한다. 중동 지역에서 활발한 시민사회의 등장을 막는 권위주의적 정치 시스템이 지배적이었음에도 불구하고 정치적 변동에 영향을 주고자 한 시민사회의 시도는 존재해왔다. 특히, 본 연구는 키파야 운동과 무슬림형제단과 같은 활발했던 시민사회 운동이 존재했던 이집트의 시민사회 발전을 연구함으로써 중동에서 시민사회가 정치적 변화에 어떤 역할을 했고 왜 실패했는지에 대한 원인을 파악하고자 하였다. 이번 연구를 통해 이집트 시민사회가 정치적 변화로 이끄는 집단적 행동을 할 수 있는 자발적인 집단으로서 등장하였음을 확인하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 뚜렷한 목표의 부재는 이집트 시민사회가 효율적으로 정치적 변화를 이끌지 못하게 하는게 기여했음을 확인하였다.
Abstract
There have been heated academic discussions concerning the political landscape of the Middle East, impeding the development of democracy in the region. While numerous Asian countries successfully underwent political transformations towards democracy in the 1980s and 1990s, Middle Eastern countries stood as exceptions to this democratic wave. Consequently, scholars introduced the concept of Arab or Islamic exceptionalism, attributing the lack of democratic diffusion in the Middle East to its unique circumstances or characters. During this period, when many countries were undergoing democratic transitions facilitated by civil society, scholars began to scrutinize the role of civil society in driving political change. However, the study of civil society in the Middle East remained largely overlooked by academics. In light of this, this study aims to elucidate the role and impact of civil society on political change in the Middle East. Despite the enduring dominance of authoritarian political systems in the region, which hindered the emergence of an active and vibrant civil society, there have been notable attempts by civil society to influence political dynamics. By delving into the historical development of civil society in Egypt, a country that witnessed relatively active civil movements such as the Kefaya movement and the Muslim Brotherhood, this study seeks to contribute to understanding the role of civil society in political change and exploring the reasons behind its failure to bring the political transformation in the Middle East. This study confirms that Egyptian civil society initially emerged as a voluntary force engaging in collective action to bring about political change. Nevertheless, the absence of a clear goal eventually diminished the effectiveness of the Egyptian civil society in achieving political transformation.
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