이집트 사회계층과 시민사회 연구
A Study on the Social Classes and the Civil Society in Egypt
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The concept of civil society is disputed among western and muslim scholars stemmed from different cultures. As a standpoint of a Korean scholar, this paper is focused on the classification of three classes in Egypt. Especially the middle class is divided into higher and lower groups based on urban or rural dwelling. The social classes of Egypt is classified by the legal relationships to land, the income, and cultural approachability. Many groups and associations have been existed in Egypt but the reason they could not work properly as a buffer between the state and the mass is that the state has had a role of the main provider. Economic liberalization with the globalization resulted in the emergence of new private monopolies, oligopolies and crony-capitalism. The long period of presidency with its authorities blocked the market inside politics. The national entrepreneurial bourgeoisie was not strong enough to build their own public space immune to the power of the statesmen class. The working class could not challenge the power since most of unions are controlled by the government. Especially the lower and middle classes were damaged most because of the continuing reduction of subsidies and returnees from gulf countries after Gulf war. Besides the new law 96 which removed the right to inherit a tenancy by ignoring the inherited interconnectedness of tenancy structure resulted to evict tenants. Accordingly, I found that so many citizens have been degraded from the middle class to the deprived. Impediments of building sound civil society are related into the foreign debts, the authority's emergency law and radical Islamic movements. It is obvious that the 'Kefaya' movement, 20 percent of seats for the Brotherhood in 2005 parliamentary elections, and the bread riots in this year are a way of desperate seeking for an alternative channel of social and political change. How mild political powers can control all other radical powers should be figured out. The progress of politics has to lead the economic disaster even in the theoretical domain since the economy collapsed. It is no time for hiding political chaos into the bread riot only.
Abstract
The concept of civil society is disputed among western and muslim scholars stemmed from different cultures. As a standpoint of a Korean scholar, this paper is focused on the classification of three classes in Egypt. Especially the middle class is divided into higher and lower groups based on urban or rural dwelling. The social classes of Egypt is classified by the legal relationships to land, the income, and cultural approachability. Many groups and associations have been existed in Egypt but the reason they could not work properly as a buffer between the state and the mass is that the state has had a role of the main provider. Economic liberalization with the globalization resulted in the emergence of new private monopolies, oligopolies and crony-capitalism. The long period of presidency with its authorities blocked the market inside politics. The national entrepreneurial bourgeoisie was not strong enough to build their own public space immune to the power of the statesmen class. The working class could not challenge the power since most of unions are controlled by the government. Especially the lower and middle classes were damaged most because of the continuing reduction of subsidies and returnees from gulf countries after Gulf war. Besides the new law 96 which removed the right to inherit a tenancy by ignoring the inherited interconnectedness of tenancy structure resulted to evict tenants. Accordingly, I found that so many citizens have been degraded from the middle class to the deprived. Impediments of building sound civil society are related into the foreign debts, the authority's emergency law and radical Islamic movements. It is obvious that the 'Kefaya' movement, 20 percent of seats for the Brotherhood in 2005 parliamentary elections, and the bread riots in this year are a way of desperate seeking for an alternative channel of social and political change. How mild political powers can control all other radical powers should be figured out. The progress of politics has to lead the economic disaster even in the theoretical domain since the economy collapsed. It is no time for hiding political chaos into the bread riot only.
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