자폐 스펙트럼 장애아의 주의집중과 기억
Attentional Process and Memory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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ASD 아동의 인지처리과정에서 주의집중과 기억에 관한 연구결과를 문헌 검토한 결과, 일부 인지처리과정에서는 ASD 아동의 인지적 특성을 설명하기에 충분할 정도의 일치된 연구결과들이 나타나고 있지만, 아직 어떤 부분에서는 연구결과들이 상반되게 나타나기도 하였다. 이는 주로 연구대상의 연령이나 인지기능, 실험과제 및 실험 방법 등의 차이로 인한 것이었다. ASD 아동의 과잉 선택적 주의집중과 관련된 연구는 전체보다는 부분에 초점을 맞추는 약한 중앙응집에 관한 연구로 초점이 옮겨졌는데, 약한 중앙응집 특성은 언어, 사회성, 및 학업 발달에 장애를 초래할 수 있다. ASD 아동은 전체 정보처리가 불가능한 것은 아니어서 필요할 때마다 전체 정보처리를 유도하는 특별한 지시가 도움이 될 것으로 보인다. 주의집중의 전환에서는 정위보다는 이탈에서 더 어려움을 보였다. 주의집중 정위에서는 외부 단서에 의해 유도되는 반사적 정위에는 일반적으로 손상이 없었으나 감각양식 간에 빠르게 주의집중을 전환해야 하는 상황에서는 어려움을 보였다. ASD 아동의 가장 주요한 주의집중의 손상은 자발적인 주의집중 전환의 어려움에 있는 것으로 나타나 자발적인 정위가 요구되는 상황에서 스스로 빠르게 주의전환을 할 수 있는 특별한 훈련이 필요해 보인다. ASD 아동의 작업기억에 대해서는 아직 어떤 결론을 내릴 수 있을 만큼 연구결과들이 일관되게 나타나고 있지 않다. 장기기억에서는 일화기억과 출처기억에서 손상을 보였다. 출처 점검에서는 상대방이 한 일은 비교적 잘 기억하였지만 자신이 한 일을 기억하는데는 어려움을 보였다. 그러나 단서를 준 경우에는 기억 회상에 별다른 문제가 없어 실생활에서 일화기억에 어려움을 보이는 ASD 아동을 위해서는 인출 단서를 사용하는 것이 기억 회상에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. 기억의 인출과 관련해서 암묵기억에는 손상이 없었고 외현기억에서도 재인이나 단서를 준 회상에는 문제가 없었지만 자유 회상에서는 어려움을 보였다. 정보의 부호화과정에서 의미 부호화는 잘 하지 않는 것으로 드러났다. 또한 기억의 전략이나 자신의 기억 상태를 점검하는 상위기억에도 어려움이 있는 것으로 드러났다. 따라서 ASD 아동에게는 다양한 기억 전략을 가르치는 일이 반드시 필요해 보인다.
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