19세기 베트남의 단일민족 만들기 - ‘漢夷有限’에서‘一視同仁’으로 -
Creation of One People in the 19th-Century Vietnam： From‘ Han di huu han’to‘ Nhat thi dong nhan’
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This study focuses on the issue of the creation of one people in Vietnam during the 19th century by examining of the policies of expansion and assimilation by the central court of Vietnam. Vietnam had maintained multi-ethnic country until the 18th century with the concept of the‘ han di huu han (the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders).’From the beginning of the 19th century, however, new idea of ‘Nhat thi dong nhan (No discrimination, same benevolence)’replaced the ‘Han di huu han’. Though the meaning of the ‘Nhat thi dong nhan’is quite soft and virtuous, the following policies for this idea was quite tough and cruel. Different ethnics including Chinese in the territory of Viet Nam were forced by the main ethnic of the Kinh Vietnamese to change their outlooks, costumes, and even the way of life to those of Vietnamese, and they were forced to learn Vietnamese language and writing system. The policy of ‘Han di huu han’was of the first emperor of Gia Long, while the‘ Nhat thi dong nhan’was launched from the reign of the second emperor Minh Mang in the middle of 1830s. This discrepancy could be regarded to have come from the difference between the two generations. But the author emphasizes that the difference was more due to the appearance of new concept of the ‘Nhat thi dong nhan,’while the ‘Han di huu han’had been the continuous tradition of Vietnam until the end of the 18th century. What then were the reasons for the appearance of the new concept? The formation of the identity as the community of Viet Nam with the achievement of the first unification, discovery of Vietnamness, self-confidence for their own heritage, pride as the protector of the Middle Kingdom’s heritage, military power stronger than any previous period were significant reasons for the change. In addition, the rivalry relationship among the three big states, Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam in the mainland Southeast Asian world, also can be counted as another important reason for Vietnam to launch an active policy of expansion and assimilation with the idea of‘ Nhat thi dong nhan.’
Abstract
This study focuses on the issue of the creation of one people in Vietnam during the 19th century by examining of the policies of expansion and assimilation by the central court of Vietnam. Vietnam had maintained multi-ethnic country until the 18th century with the concept of the‘ han di huu han (the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders).’From the beginning of the 19th century, however, new idea of ‘Nhat thi dong nhan (No discrimination, same benevolence)’replaced the ‘Han di huu han’. Though the meaning of the ‘Nhat thi dong nhan’is quite soft and virtuous, the following policies for this idea was quite tough and cruel. Different ethnics including Chinese in the territory of Viet Nam were forced by the main ethnic of the Kinh Vietnamese to change their outlooks, costumes, and even the way of life to those of Vietnamese, and they were forced to learn Vietnamese language and writing system. The policy of ‘Han di huu han’was of the first emperor of Gia Long, while the‘ Nhat thi dong nhan’was launched from the reign of the second emperor Minh Mang in the middle of 1830s. This discrepancy could be regarded to have come from the difference between the two generations. But the author emphasizes that the difference was more due to the appearance of new concept of the ‘Nhat thi dong nhan,’while the ‘Han di huu han’had been the continuous tradition of Vietnam until the end of the 18th century. What then were the reasons for the appearance of the new concept? The formation of the identity as the community of Viet Nam with the achievement of the first unification, discovery of Vietnamness, self-confidence for their own heritage, pride as the protector of the Middle Kingdom’s heritage, military power stronger than any previous period were significant reasons for the change. In addition, the rivalry relationship among the three big states, Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam in the mainland Southeast Asian world, also can be counted as another important reason for Vietnam to launch an active policy of expansion and assimilation with the idea of‘ Nhat thi dong nhan.’
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