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On the Bureaucratic Monarchy in the First Half of the Tự Đức Regime
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The study is to show how the bureaucratic monarchy in the first half of Tự Đức(嗣德, 1847-1883) functioned in the social and political milieu in which Vietnam needed reform and opening up than ever. This has been done by reexamining historical events and major actors, emperor himself and mandarins. The historical events includes internal troubles such as a palace coup d’etat by Hồng Tập and the rebellion of Tạ Văn Phụng as well as external troubles for example the French attack on the port cities, the coercive conclusion of treaty in 1862. The high officials analysed in this article are the Regents(Phụ Chính đại thần, 輔政大臣) of Tự Đức, Trương Đăng Quế, Lâm Duy Hiệp and Nguyễn Tri Phương in addition to the Privy Council(Cơ mật Viện,機密院), Nguyễn Bá Nghi and Phan Thanh Giản. Upon examination of these events and figures, this paper makes at least two disputable points clear. The first point has to do with political system of Nguyễn Dynasty(阮朝, 1802-1945). Most prior research on the emperor of Tự Đức postulates his regime for absolute monarchy or confucian monarchy. The paper argues that bureaucratic monarchism was operating in the court Hue. Through showing how the monarchy and bureaucracy dealt with troubles both at home and abroad, the matter of reform and opening up, and the recovery of occupied territory, this research highlights the importance of the mandarins in shaping the policy of the Nguyễn kingdom. The Second point involves a divergence of interest between the monarchy and mandarins in the 1850s and 1860s. In the initial years of Tự Đức’s reign were of typical of traditional bureaucratic monarchy in the sense that the degree of convergence between two was high. But in the face of ‘modern’ challenge represented by the French force, there was a subtle but substantial divergence of interests within the Hue court. Emperor Tự Đức preferred to keep the throne and ancestral shrine, while most mandarins seemed to concern about people’s life. Because under the bureaucratic monarchy of Tự Đức, even if monarchy reigned, it was the mandarins who ruled the people. This conclusion may have important implication for the reason how and why the Vietnamese monarchy collapsed.
Abstract
The study is to show how the bureaucratic monarchy in the first half of Tự Đức(嗣德, 1847-1883) functioned in the social and political milieu in which Vietnam needed reform and opening up than ever. This has been done by reexamining historical events and major actors, emperor himself and mandarins. The historical events includes internal troubles such as a palace coup d’etat by Hồng Tập and the rebellion of Tạ Văn Phụng as well as external troubles for example the French attack on the port cities, the coercive conclusion of treaty in 1862. The high officials analysed in this article are the Regents(Phụ Chính đại thần, 輔政大臣) of Tự Đức, Trương Đăng Quế, Lâm Duy Hiệp and Nguyễn Tri Phương in addition to the Privy Council(Cơ mật Viện,機密院), Nguyễn Bá Nghi and Phan Thanh Giản. Upon examination of these events and figures, this paper makes at least two disputable points clear. The first point has to do with political system of Nguyễn Dynasty(阮朝, 1802-1945). Most prior research on the emperor of Tự Đức postulates his regime for absolute monarchy or confucian monarchy. The paper argues that bureaucratic monarchism was operating in the court Hue. Through showing how the monarchy and bureaucracy dealt with troubles both at home and abroad, the matter of reform and opening up, and the recovery of occupied territory, this research highlights the importance of the mandarins in shaping the policy of the Nguyễn kingdom. The Second point involves a divergence of interest between the monarchy and mandarins in the 1850s and 1860s. In the initial years of Tự Đức’s reign were of typical of traditional bureaucratic monarchy in the sense that the degree of convergence between two was high. But in the face of ‘modern’ challenge represented by the French force, there was a subtle but substantial divergence of interests within the Hue court. Emperor Tự Đức preferred to keep the throne and ancestral shrine, while most mandarins seemed to concern about people’s life. Because under the bureaucratic monarchy of Tự Đức, even if monarchy reigned, it was the mandarins who ruled the people. This conclusion may have important implication for the reason how and why the Vietnamese monarchy collapsed.
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